Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases

ABSTRACT

Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity and their use in genomic engineering, epigenomic engineering, genome targeting, and genome editing.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/369,533, filed Dec. 5, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/015,947, filed Feb. 4, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No.9,512,446, which claims priority under 35 USC § 119(e) to U.S. PatentProvisional Application Ser. Nos. 62/211,553, filed on Aug. 28, 2015;62/216,033, filed on Sep. 9, 2015; and 62/258,280, filed on Nov. 20,2015. The entire contents of the foregoing are hereby incorporated byreference.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support under Grant Nos. DP1GM105378 and R01 GM088040 awarded by the National Institutes of Health.The Government has certain rights in the invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Feb. 4, 2016, isnamed 29539-0189001_SL.txt and is 129,880 bytes in size.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates, at least in part, to engineered ClusteredRegularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats(CRISPRs)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) nucleases with altered andimproved target specificity and their use in genomic engineering,epigenomic engineering, genome targeting, genome editing, and in vitrodiagnostics.

BACKGROUND

CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases enable efficient genome editing in a wide varietyof organisms and cell types (Sander & Joung, Nat Biotechnol 32, 347-355(2014); Hsu et al., Cell 157, 1262-1278 (2014); Doudna & Charpentier,Science 346, 1258096 (2014); Barrangou & May, Expert Opin Biol Ther 15,311-314 (2015)). Target site recognition by Cas9 is programmed by achimeric single guide RNA (sgRNA) that encodes a sequence complementaryto a target protospacer (Jinek et al., Science 337, 816-821 (2012)), butalso requires recognition of a short neighboring PAM (Mojica et al.,Microbiology 155, 733-740 (2009); Shah et al., RNA Biol 10, 891-899(2013); Jiang et al., Nat Biotechnol 31, 233-239 (2013); Jinek et al.,Science 337, 816-821 (2012); Sternberg et al., Nature 507, 62-67(2014)).

SUMMARY

As described herein, Cas9 Proteins can be engineered to show increasedspecificity, theoretically by reducing the binding affinity of Cas9 forDNA. Thus, described herein are a number of Cas9 variants that haveincreased specificity (i.e., induce substantially fewer off targeteffects) as compared to the wild type protein, as well as methods ofusing them.

In a first aspect, the invention provides isolated Streptococcuspyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) proteins with mutations at one, two, three, four,five, six or all seven of the following positions: L169A, Y450, N497,R661, Q695, Q926, and/or D1135E e.g., comprising a sequence that is atleast 80% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 withmutations at one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven of the followingpositions: L169, Y450, N497, R661, Q695, Q926, D1135E, and optionallyone or more of a nuclear localization sequence, cell penetrating peptidesequence, and/or affinity tag. A mutation alters the amino acid to anamino acid other than the native amino acid (e.g., 497 is anything butN). In preferred embodiments the mutation changes the amino acid to anyamino acid other than the native one, arginine or lysine; in someembodiments, the amino acid is alanine.

In some embodiments, the variant SpCas9 proteins comprise one, two,three, or all four of the following mutations: N497A, R661A, Q695A, andQ926A.

In some embodiments, the variant SpCas9 proteins comprise mutations atQ695 and/or Q926, and optionally one, two, three, four or all five ofL169, Y450, N497, R661 and D1135E e.g., including but not limited toY450A/Q695A, L169A/Q695A, Q695A/Q926A, Q695A/D1135E, Q926A/D1135E,Y450A/D1135E, L169A/Y450A/Q695A, L169A/Q695A/Q926A, Y450A/Q695A/Q926A,R661A/Q695A/Q926A, N497A/Q695A/Q926A, Y450A/Q695A/D1135E,Y450A/Q926A/D1135E, Q695A/Q926A/D1135E, L169A/Y450A/Q695A/Q926A,L169A/R661A/Q695A/Q926A,Y450A/R661A/Q695A/Q926A,N497A/Q695A/Q926A/D1135E, R661A/Q695A/Q926A/D1135E, andY450A/Q695A/Q926A/D1135E.

In some embodiments, the variant SpCas9 proteins comprise mutations atR63; R78; H160; K163; R165; L169; R403; N407; Y450; M495; N497; K510;Y515; W659; R661; M694; Q695; H698; A728; Q926; K1107; E1108; S1109;K1113; R1114; S1116; K1118; D1135; S1136; K1153; K1155; K1158; K1200;Q1221; K1289; R1298; K1300; K1325; K1334; T1337 and/or S1216.

In some embodiments, the variant SpCas9 proteins also comprise one ormore of the following mutations: R63A; R78A; R165A; R403A; N407A; N497A;Y450A; K510A; Y515A; R661A; Q695A; Q926A; K1107A; E1108A; S1109A;K1113A; R1114A; S1116A; K1118A; D1135A; S1136A; K1153A; K1155A; K1158A;K1200A; Q1221A; K1289A; R1298A; K1300A; K1325A; K1334A; T1337A and/orS1216A. In some embodiments, variant SpCas9 proteins comprise one ormore of the following additional mutations: R63A, R66A, R69A, R70A,R71A, Y72A, R74A, R75A, K76A, N77A, R78A, R115A, H160A, K163A, R165A,L169A, R403A,T404A, F405A, N407A, R447A, N497A, I448A, Y450A, S460A,M495A, K510A, Y515A, R661A, M694A, Q695A, H698A, Y1013A, V1015A, R1122A,K1123A, K1124A, K1158A, K1185A, K1200A, S1216A, Q1221A, K1289A, R1298A,K1300A, K1325A, R1333A, K1334A, R1335A, and T1337A.

In some embodiments, the variant SpCas9 proteins comprise multiplesubstitution mutations: N497/R661/Q695/Q926 (quadruple variant mutants);Q695/Q926 (double mutant); R661/Q695/Q926 and N497/Q695/Q926 (triplemutants). In some embodiments, the additional substitution mutations atL169, Y450 and/or D1135 might be added to these double-, triple, andquadruple mutants or added to single mutants bearing substitutions atQ695 or Q926. In some embodiments, the mutants have alanine in place ofthe wild type amino acid. In some embodiments, the mutants have anyamino acid other than arginine or lysine (or the native amino acid).

In some embodiments, the variant SpCas9 proteins also comprise one ormore mutations that decrease nuclease activity selected from the groupconsisting of mutations at D10, E762, D839, H983, or D986; and at H840or N863.

In some embodiments, the mutations are: (i) D10A or D1ON, and (ii)H840A, H840N, or H840Y.

In some embodiments, the SpCas9 variants can also include one of thefollowing sets of mutations: D1135V/R1335Q/T1337R (VQR variant);D1135E/R1335Q/T1337R (EQR variant); D1135V/G1218R/R1335Q/T1337R (VRQRvariant); or D1135V/G1218R/R1335E/T1337R (VRER variant).

Also provided herein are isolated Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9)protein, with mutations at one, two, three, four, five, or six of thefollowing positions: Y211, W229, R245, T392, N419, R654, e.g.,comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical to the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:1 with mutations at one, two, three, four, orfive, or six of the following positions: Y211, W229, R245, T392, N419,R654, and optionally one or more of a nuclear localization sequence,cell penetrating peptide sequence, and/or affinity tag. In someembodiments, the SaCas9 variants described herein include the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:2, with mutations at one, two, three, four, five,or all six of the following positions: Y211, W229, R245, T392, N419,and/or R654. The isolated protein of claim 8, comprising one or more ofthe following mutations: Y211A, W229, R245A, T392A, N419A, and/or R654A.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins comprise mutations atN419 and/or R654, and optionally one, two, three or four of theadditional mutations Y211, W229, R245 and T392, e.g., including but notlimited to N419A/R654A, Y211A/R654A, W229A/R654A, Y211A/R245A/R654A,Y211A/R245A/N419A, Y211A/N419A/R654A, R245A/N419A/R654A,T392A/N419A/R654A, R245A/T392A/N419A/R654A, Y211A/R245A/N419A/R654A,W229A/R245A/N419A/R654A, Y211A/R245A/T392A/N419A/R654A, andY211A/W229A/R245A/N419A/R654A.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins comprise mutations atY211; W229; Y230; R245; T392; N419; L446; Y651; R654; D786; T787; Y789;T882; K886; N888; 889; L909; N985; N986; R991; R1015; N44; R45; R51;R55; R59; R60; R116; R165; N169; R208; R209; Y211; T238; Y239; K248;Y256; R314; N394; Q414; 1(57; R61; H111; K114; V164; R165; L788; 5790;R792; N804; Y868; K870; K878; K879; K881; Y897; R901; and/or K906.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins comprise one or more ofthe following mutations: Y211A; W229A; Y230A; R245A; T392A; N419A;L446A; Y651A; R654A; D786A; T787A; Y789A; T882A; K886A; N888A; A889A;L909A; N985A; N986A; R991A; R1015A; N44A; R45A; R51A; R55A; R59A; R60A;R116A; R165A; N169A; R208A; R209A; T238A; Y239A; K248A; Y256A; R314A;N394A; Q414A; K57A; R61A; H111A; K114A; V164A; R165A; L788A; S790A;R792A; N804A; Y868A; K870A; K878A; K879A; K881A; Y897A; R901A; K906A.

In some embodiments, variant SaCas9 proteins comprise one or more of thefollowing additional mutations: Y211A, W229A, Y230A, R245A, T392A,N419A, L446A, Y651A, R654A, D786A, T787A, Y789A, T882A, K886A, N888A,A889A, L909A, N985A, N986A, R991A, R1015A, N44A, R45A, R51A, R55A, R59A,R60A, R116A, R165A, N169A, R208A, R209A, T238A, Y239A, K248A, Y256A,R314A, N394A, Q414A, K57A, R61A, H111A, K114A, V164A, R165A, L788A,S790A, R792A, N804A, Y868A, K870A, K878A, K879A, K881A, Y897A, R901A,K906A.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins comprise multiplesubstitution mutations: R245/T392/N419/R654 and Y221/R245/N419/R654(quadruple variant mutants); N419/R654, R245/R654, Y221/R654, andY221/N419 (double mutants); R245/N419/R654, Y211/N419/R654, andT392/N419/R654 (triple mutants). In some embodiments the mutants containalanine in place of the wild type amino acid.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins also comprise one ormore mutations that decrease nuclease activity selected from the groupconsisting of mutations at D10, E477, D556, H701, or D704; and at H557or N580. In some embodiments, the mutations are: (i) D10A or D10N, (ii)H557A, H557N, or H557Y, (iii) N580A, and/or (iv) D556A.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins comprise one or more ofthe following mutations: E782K, K929R, N968K, or R1015H. Specifically,E782K/N968K/R1015H (KKH variant); E782K/K929R/R1015H (KRH variant); orE782K/K929R/N968K/R1015H (KRKH variant).

In some embodiments, the variant Cas9 proteins include mutations to oneor more of the following regions to increase specificity:

Functional Region SpCas9 SaCas9 Residues contacting the L169; Y450;M495; Y211; W229; Y230; DNA of the spacer region N497; W659; R661; R245;T392; N419; L446; M694; Q695; H698; Y651; R654 A728; Q926; E1108; V1015Residues contacting the R71; Y72; R78; R165; D786; T787; Y789; T882; DNAof the PAM region R403; T404; F405; K886; N888; A889; (including directPAM K1107; S1109; R1114; L909; N985; N986; R991; contacts) S1116; K1118;D1135; R1015 S1136; K1200; S1216; E1219; R1333; R1335; T1337 Residuescontacting the Y72; R75; K76; L101; N44; R45; R51; R55; RNA of thespacer region S104; F105; R115; H116; R59; R60; R116; R165; I135; H160;K163; Y325; N169; R208; R209; H328; R340; F351; D364; Y211; T238; Y239;Q402; R403; I1110; K248; Y256; R314; K1113; R1122; Y1131 N394; Q414Residues contacting the R63; R66; R70; R71; K57; R61; H111; K114; RNA ofthe repeat/anti- R74; R78; R403; T404; V164; R165; L788; S790; repeatregion N407; R447; I448; Y450; R792; N804; Y868; K510; Y515; R661; K870;K878; K879; V1009; Y1013 K881; Y897; R901; K906 Residues contacting theK30; K33; N46; R40; R47; K50; R54; R58; RNA stem loops K44; E57; T62;R69; H62; R209; E213; S219; N77; L455; S460; R467; R452; K459; R774;T472; I473; H721; K742; N780; R781; L783 K1097; V1100; T1102; F1105;K1123; K1124; E1225; Q1272; H1349; S1351; Y1356

Also provided herein are fusion proteins comprising the isolated variantCas9 proteins described herein fused to a heterologous functionaldomain, with an optional intervening linker, wherein the linker does notinterfere with activity of the fusion protein. In preferred embodiments,the heterologous functional domain acts on DNA or protein, e.g., onchromatin. In some embodiments, the heterologous functional domain is atranscriptional activation domain. In some embodiments, thetranscriptional activation domain is from VP64 or NF-κB p65. In someembodiments, the heterologous functional domain is a transcriptionalsilencer or transcriptional repression domain. In some embodiments, thetranscriptional repression domain is a Kruppel-associated box (KRAB)domain, ERF repressor domain (ERD), or mSin3A interaction domain (SID).In some embodiments, the transcriptional silencer is HeterochromatinProtein 1 (HP1), e.g., HP1α or HP1β. In some embodiments, theheterologous functional domain is an enzyme that modifies themethylation state of DNA. In some embodiments, the enzyme that modifiesthe methylation state of DNA is a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or theentirety or the dioxygenase domain of a TET protein, e.g., a catalyticmodule comprising the cysteine-rich extension and the 2OGFeDO domainencoded by 7 highly conserved exons, e.g., the Tet1 catalytic domaincomprising amino acids 1580-2052, Tet2 comprising amino acids 1290-1905and Tet3 comprising amino acids 966-1678. In some embodiments, the TETprotein or TET-derived dioxygenase domain is from TET1. In someembodiments, the heterologous functional domain is an enzyme thatmodifies a histone subunit. In some embodiments, the enzyme thatmodifies a histone subunit is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT), histonedeacetylase (HDAC), histone methyltransferase (HMT), or histonedemethylase. In some embodiments, the heterologous functional domain isa biological tether. In some embodiments, the biological tether is MS2,Csy4 or lambda N protein. In some embodiments, the heterologousfunctional domain is FokI.

Also provided herein are nucleic acids, isolated nucleic acids encodingthe variant Cas9 proteins described herein, as well as vectorscomprising the isolated nucleic acids, optionally operably linked to oneor more regulatory domains for expressing the variant Cas9 proteinsdescribed herein. Also provided herein are host cells, e.g., bacterial,yeast, insect, or mammalian host cells or transgenic animals (e.g.,mice), comprising the nucleic acids described herein, and optionallyexpressing the variant Cas9 proteins described herein.

Also provided herein are methods of altering the genome of a cell, byexpressing in the cell isolated variant Cas9 proteins as describedherein, and at least one guide RNA having a region complementary to aselected portion of the genome of the cell with optimal nucleotidespacing at the genomic target site.

Also provided herein are methods of altering the genome of a cell, byexpressing in the cell an isolated variant Cas9 protein describedherein, and a guide RNA having a region complementary to a selectedportion of the genome of the cell with optimal nucleotide spacing at thegenomic target site.

Also provided herein are isolated nucleic acids encoding theCas9variants, as well as vectors comprising the isolated nucleic acids,optionally operably linked to one or more regulatory domains forexpressing the variants, and host cells, e.g., mammalian host cells,comprising the nucleic acids, and optionally expressing the variantproteins.

Also provided herein are methods for altering, e.g., selectivelyaltering, the genome of a cell by contacting the cell with, orexpressing in the cell, a variant protein as described herein, and aguide RNA having a region complementary to a selected portion of thegenome of the cell. In some embodiments, the isolated protein or fusionprotein comprises one or more of a nuclear localization sequence, cellpenetrating peptide sequence, and/or affinity tag.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials aredescribed herein for use in the present invention; other, suitablemethods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials,methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to belimiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences,database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporatedby reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the presentspecification, including definitions, will control.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description and figures, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

FIGS. 1A-E|Identification and characterization of SpCas9 variantsbearing mutations in residues that form non-specific DNA contacts. a,Schematic depicting wild-type SpCas9 recognition of the target DNA:sgRNAduplex, based on PDB 4OOG and 4UN3 (adapted from refs. 31 and 32,respectively). b, Characterization of SpCas9 variants that containalanine substitutions in positions that form hydrogen bonds to the DNAbackbone. Wild-type SpCas9 and variants were assessed using the humancell EGFP disruption assay when programmed with a perfectly matchedsgRNA or four other sgRNAs that encode mismatches to the target site.Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3; mean level of background EGFP lossrepresented by red dashed line (for this panel and panel c). c and d,On-target activities of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 across 24 sitesassessed by EGFP disruption assay (panel c) and 13 endogenous sites byT7E1 assay (panel d). Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3. e, Ratio ofon-target activity of SpCas9-HF1 to wild-type SpCas9 (from panels c andd). The median and in

FIG. 2A-C I Genome-wide specificities of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1with sgRNAs for standard target sites. a, Off-target sites of wild-typeSpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 with eight sgRNAs targeted to endogenous humangenes (EMX1 site 1, SEQ ID NO: 280; EMX1 site 2, SEQ ID No: 281; FANCFsite 1, SEQ ID NO: 282; FANCF site 2, SEQ ID NO: 283; FANCF site 3, SEQID NO: 284; FANCF site 4, SEQ ID NO: 285; RUNX1 site 1, SEQ ID NO: 286;and ZSCAN2 site, SEQ ID NO: 287), as determined by GUIDE-seq. Readcounts represent a measure of cleavage frequency at a given site;mismatched positions within the spacer or PAM are highlighted in color.b, Summary of the total number of genome-wide off-target sitesidentified by GUIDE-seq for wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 from theeight sgRNAs used in panel a. c, Off-target sites identified forwild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 for the eight sgRNAs, binned accordingto the total number of mismatches (within the protospacer and PAM)relative to the on-target site.

FIG. 3A-C I Validation of SpCas9-HF1 specificity improvements bytargeted deep sequencing of off-target sites identified by GUIDE-seq. a,Mean on-target percent modification determined by deep sequencing forwild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 with six sgRNAs from FIG. 2. Error barsrepresent s.e.m. for n=3. b, Percentage of deep sequenced on-targetsites (EMX1 site 1, SEQ ID NO: 163; EMX1 site 2, SEQ ID NO: 164; FANCFsite 1, SEQ ID No: 165; FANCF site 3, SEQ ID No: 167; RUNX1 site 1, SEQID No: 169; and ZSCAN2 site, SEQ ID NO: 170) and GUIDE-seq detectedoff-target sites that contain indel mutations. Triplicate experimentsare plotted for wild-type SpCas9, SpCas9-HF1, and control conditions.Filled circles below the x-axis represent replicates for which noinsertion or deletion mutations were observed. Off-target sites thatcould not be amplified by PCR are shown in red text with an asterisk.Hypothesis testing using a one-sided Fisher exact test with pooled readcounts found significant differences (p<0.05 after adjusting formultiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method) forcomparisons between SpCas9-HF1 and the control condition only at EMX1-1off-target 1 and FANCF-3 off-target 1. Significant differences were alsofound between wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 at all off-target sites,and between wild-type SpCas9 and the control condition at all off-targetsites except RUNX1-1 off-target 2. c, Scatter plot of the correlationbetween GUIDE-seq read counts (from FIG. 2a ) and mean percentmodification determined by deep sequencing at on- and off-targetcleavage sites with wild-type SpCas9.

FIG. 4A-C|Genome-wide specificities of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1with sgRNAs for non-standard, repetitive sites. a, GUIDE-seq specificityprofiles of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 using two sgRNAs (VEGFA site3, SEQ ID No: 288; and VEGFA site 2, SEQ ID NO: 289) known to cleavelarge numbers of off-target sites4,8. GUIDE-seq read counts represent ameasure of cleavage efficiency at a given site; mismatched positionswithin the spacer or PAM are highlighted in color; red circles indicatesites likely to have the indicated bulge12 at the sgRNA-DNA interface;blue circles indicate sites that may have an alternative gappedalignment relative to the one shown (see FIG. 8). b, Summary of thetotal number of genome-wide off-target sites identified by GUIDE-seq forwild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 from the two sgRNAs used in panel a. c,Off-target sites identified with wild-type SpCas9 or SpCas9-HF1 forVEGFA sites 2 and 3, binned according to the total number of mismatches(within the protospacer and PAM) relative to the on-target site.Off-target sites marked with red circles in panel a are not included inthese counts; sites marked with blue circles in panel a are counted withthe number of mismatches in the non-gapped alignment.

FIG. 5A-D|Activities of SpCas9-HF1 derivatives bearing additionalsubstitutions. a, Human cell EGFP disruption activities of wild-typeSpCas9, SpCas9-HF1, and SpCas9-HF1-derivative variants with eightsgRNAs. SpCas9-HF1 harbors N497A, R661A, Q695, and Q926A mutations;HF2=HF1+D1135E; HF3=HF1+L169A; HF4=HF1+Y450A. Error bars represents.e.m. for n=3; mean level of background EGFP loss represented by thered dashed line. b, Summary of the on-target activity when usingSpCas9-HF variants compared to wild-type SpCas9 with the eight sgRNAsfrom panel a. The median and interquartile range are shown; the intervalshowing >70% of wild-type activity is highlighted in green. c, Meanpercent modification by SpCas9 and HF variants at the FANCF site 2 andVEGFA site 3 on-target sites, as well as off-target sites from FIGS. 2aand 4a resistant to the effects of SpCas9-HF1. Percent modificationdetermined by T7E1 assay; background indel percentages were subtractedfor all experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3. d, Specificityratios of wild-type SpCas9 and HF variants with the FANCF site 2 orVEGFA site 3 sgRNAs, plotted as the ratio of on-target to off-targetactivity (from panel c).

FIG. 6A-B|SpCas9 interaction with the sgRNA and target DNA. a, Schematicillustrating the SpCas9:sgRNA complex, with base pairing between thesgRNA and target DNA. b, Structural representation of the SpCas9:sgRNAcomplex bound to the target DNA, from PDB: 4UN3 (ref 32). The fourresidues that form hydrogen bond contacts to the target-strand DNAbackbone are highlighted in blue; the HNH domain is hidden forvisualization purposes.

FIG. 7A-D|On-target activity comparisons of wild-type and SpCas9-HF1with various sgRNAs used for GUIDE-seq experiments. a and c, MeanGUIDE-seq tag integration at the intended on-target site for GUIDE-seqexperiments shown in FIGS. 2a and 4a (panels a and c, respectively),quantified by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Error barsrepresent s.e.m. for n=3. b and d, Mean percent modification at theintended on-target site for GUIDE-seq experiments shown in FIGS. 2a and4a (panels b and d, respectively), detected by T7E1 assay. Error barsrepresent s.e.m. for n=3.

FIG. 8|Potential alternate alignments for VEGFA site 2 off-target sites.Ten VEGFA site 2 (SEQ ID NO: 289) off-target sites identified byGUIDE-seq (left) that may potentially be recognized as off-target sitesthat contain single nucleotide gaps (ref. 12) (right), aligned usingGeneious (ref. 45) version 8.1.6.

FIG. 9|Activities of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 with truncatedsgRNAs14. EGFP disruption activities of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1using full-length or truncated sgRNAs targeted to four sites in EGFP.Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3; mean level of background EGFP lossin control experiments is represented by the red dashed line

FIG. 10|Wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 activities with sgRNAs bearing5′-mismatched guanine bases. EGFP disruption activities of wild-typeSpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 with sgRNAs targeted to four different sites. Foreach target site, sgRNAs either contain the matched non-guanine 5′-baseor a 5′-guanine that is intentionally mismatched.

FIG. 11|Titrating the amount of wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1expression plasmids. Human cell EGFP disruption activities fromtransfections with varying amounts of wild-type and SpCas9-HF1expression plasmids. For all transfections, the amount ofsgRNA-containing plasmid was fixed at 250 ng. Two sgRNAs targetingseparate sites were used; Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3; meanlevel of background EGFP loss in negative controls is represented by thered dashed line.

FIG. 12A-D|Altering the PAM recognition specificity of SpCas9-HF1. a,Comparison of the mean percent modification of on-target endogenoushuman sites by SpCas9-VQR (ref 15) and an improved SpCas9-VRQR using 8sgRNAs, quantified by T7E1 assay. Both variants are engineered torecognize an NGAN PAM. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=2 or 3. b,On-target EGFP disruption activities of SpCas9-VQR and SpCas9-VRQRcompared to their -HF1 counterparts using eight sgRNAs. Error barsrepresent s.e.m. for n=3; mean level of background EGFP loss in negativecontrols represented by the red dashed line. c, Comparison of the meanon-target percent modification by SpCas9-VQR and SpCas9-VRQR compared totheir -HF1 variants at eight endogenous human gene sites, quantified byT7E1 assay. Error bars represent s.e.m. for n=3; ND, not detectable. d,Summary of the fold-change in on-target activity when using SpCas9-VQRor SpCas9-VRQR compared to their corresponding -HF1 variants (frompanels b and c). The median and interquartile range are shown; theinterval showing >70% of wild-type activity is highlighted in green.

FIGS. 13A-B|Genome-wide specificities of SpCas9-HF1, -HF2, and -HF4 withsgRNAs that have off-target sites resistant to the effects ofSpCas9-HF1. a, Mean GUIDE-seq tag integration at the intended on-targetsite for GUIDE-seq experiments in panel b.SpCas9-HF1=N497A/R661A/Q695A/Q926A; HF2=HF1+D1135E; HF4=HF1+Y450A. Errorbars represent s.e.m. for n=3. b, GUIDE-seq identified off-target sitesof SpCas9-HF1, -HF2, or -HF4 with either the FANCF site 2 (SEQ ID NO:283) or VEGFA site 3 (SEQ ID NO: 288) sgRNAs. Read counts represent ameasure of cleavage frequency at a given site; mismatched positionswithin the spacer or PAM are highlighted in color. The fold-improvementin off-target discrimination was calculated by normalizing theoff-target read counts for an SpCas9-HF variant to the read counts atthe on-target site prior to comparison between SpCas9-HF variants.

FIG. 14|Structural comparison of SpCas9 (top) and SaCas9 (bottom)illustrating the similarity between the positions of the mutations inthe quadruple mutant constructs (shown in yellow sphere representation).Also, shown in pink sphere representation are other residues thatcontact the DNA backbone.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A limitation of the CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases is their potential to induceundesired off-target mutations (see, for example, Tsai et al., NatBiotechnol. 2015), in some cases with frequencies rivaling thoseobserved at the intended on-target site (Fu et al., Nat Biotechnol.2013). Previous work with CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases has suggested thatreducing the number of sequence-specific interactions between the guideRNA (gRNA) and the spacer region of a target site can reduce mutageniceffects at off-target sites of cleavage in human cells (Fu et al., NatBiotechnol. 2014).

This was earlier accomplished by truncating gRNAs at their 5′ ends by 2or 3 nts and it was hypothesized that the mechanism of this increasedspecificity was a decrease in the interaction energy of the gRNA/Cas9complex so that it was poised with just enough energy to cleave theon-target site, making it less likely to have enough energy to cleaveoff-target sites where there would presumably be an energetic penaltydue to mismatches in the target DNA site (WO2015/099850).

It was hypothesized that off-target effects of SpCas9 might be minimizedby decreasing non-specific interactions with its target DNA site.SpCas9-sgRNA complexes cleave target sites composed of an NGG PAMsequence (recognized by SpCas9) (Deltcheva, E. et al. Nature 471,602-607 (2011); Jinek, M. et al. Science 337, 816-821 (2012); Jiang, W.,et al., Nat Biotechnol 31, 233-239 (2013); Sternberg, S. H., et al.,Nature 507, 62-67 (2014)) and an adjacent 20 bp protospacer sequence(which is complementary to the 5′ end of the sgRNA) (Jinek, M. et al.Science 337, 816-821 (2012); Jinek, M. et al. Elife 2, e00471 (2013);Mali, P. et al., Science 339, 823-826 (2013); Cong, L. et al., Science339, 819-823 (2013)). It was previously theorized that the SpCas9-sgRNAcomplex may possess more energy than is needed for recognizing itsintended target DNA site, thereby enabling cleavage of mismatchedoff-target sites (Fu, Y., et al., Nat Biotechnol 32, 279-284 (2014)).One can envision that this property might be advantageous for theintended role of Cas9 in adaptive bacterial immunity, giving it thecapability to cleave foreign sequences that may become mutated. Thisexcess energy model is also supported by previous studies demonstratingthat off-target effects can be reduced (but not eliminated) bydecreasing SpCas9 concentration (Hsu, P. D. et al. Nat Biotechnol 31,827-832 (2013); Pattanayak, V. et al. Nat Biotechnol 31, 839-843 (2013))or by reducing the complementarity length of the sgRNA (Fu, Y., et al.,Nat Biotechnol 32, 279-284 (2014), although other interpretations forthis effect have also been proposed (Josephs, E. A. et al. Nucleic AcidsRes 43, 8924-8941 (2015); Sternberg, S. H., et al. Nature 527, 110-113(2015); Kiani, S. et al. Nat Methods 12, 1051-1054 (2015))). Structuraldata suggests that the SpCas9-sgRNA-target DNA complex may be stabilizedby several SpCas9-mediated DNA contacts, including direct hydrogen bondsmade by four SpCas9 residues (N497, R661, Q695, Q926) to the phosphatebackbone of the target DNA strand (Nishimasu, H. et al. Cell 156,935-949 (2014); Anders, C., et al. Nature 513, 569-573 (2014)) (FIG. 1aand FIGS. 6a and 6b ). The present inventors envisioned that disruptionof one or more of these contacts might energetically poise theSpCas9-sgRNA complex at a level just sufficient to retain robuston-target activity but with a diminished ability to cleave mismatchedoff-target sites.

As described herein, Cas9 proteins can be engineered to show increasedspecificity, theoretically by reducing the binding affinity of Cas9 forDNA. Several variants of the widely used Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9(SpCas9) were engineered by introducing individual alanine substitutionsinto various residues in SpCas9 that might be expected to interact withphosphates on the DNA backbone using structural information, bacterialselection-based directed evolution, and combinatorial design. Thevariants were further tested for cellular activity using a robust E.coli-based screening assay to assess the cellular activities of thesevariants; in this bacterial system, cell survival depended on cleavageand subsequent destruction of a selection plasmid containing a gene forthe toxic gyrase poison ccdB and a 23 base pair sequence targeted by agRNA and SpCas9, and led to identification of residues that wereassociated with retained or lost activity. In addition, another SpCas9variant was identified and characterized, which exhibited improvedtarget specificity in human cells.

Furthermore, activities of single alanine substitution mutants of SpCas9as assessed in the bacterial cell-based system indicated that survivalpercentages between 50-100% usually indicated robust cleavage, whereas0% survival indicated that the enzyme had been functionally compromised.Additional mutations of SpCas9 were then assayed in bacteria to include:R63A, R66A, R69A, R70A, R71A, Y72A, R74A, R75A, K76A, N77A, R78A, R115A,H160A, K163A, R165A, L169A, R403A, T404A, F405A, N407A, R447A, N497A,I448A, Y450A, S460A, M495A, K510A, Y515A, R661A, M694A, Q695A, H698A,Y1013A, V1015A, R1122A, K1123A, K1124A, K1158A, K1185A, K1200A, S1216A,Q1221A, K1289A, R1298A, K1300A, K1325A, R1333A, K1334A, R1335A, andT1337A. With the exception of 2 mutants (R69A and F405A) that had <5%survival in bacteria, all of these additional single mutations appearedto have little effect on the on-target activity of SpCas9 (>70% survivalin the bacterial screen).

To further determine whether the variants of Cas9 identified in thebacterial screen functioned efficiently in human cells, various alaninesubstitution Cas9 mutants were tested using a human U2OS cell-basedEGFP-disruption assay. In this assay, successful cleavage of a targetsite in the coding sequence of a single integrated, constitutivelyexpressed EGFP gene led to the induction of indel mutations anddisruption of EGFP activity, which was quantitatively assessed by flowcytometry (see, for example, Reyon et al., Nat Biotechnol. 2012 May;30(5):460-5).

These experiments show that the results obtained in the bacterialcell-based assay correlate well with nuclease activities in human cells,suggesting that these engineering strategies could be extended to Cas9sfrom other species and different cells. Thus these findings providesupport for SpCas9 and SaCas9 variants, referred to collectively hereinas “variants” or “the variants”.

All of the variants described herein can be rapidly incorporated intoexisting and widely used vectors, e.g., by simple site-directedmutagenesis, and because they require only a small number of mutations,the variants should also work with other previously describedimprovements to the SpCas9 platform (e.g., truncated sgRNAs (Tsai etal., Nat Biotechnol 33, 187-197 (2015); Fu et al., Nat Biotechnol 32,279-284 (2014)), nickase mutations (Mali et al., Nat Biotechnol 31,833-838 (2013); Ran et al., Cell 154, 1380-1389 (2013)), FokI-dCas9fusions (Guilinger et al., Nat Biotechnol 32, 577-582 (2014); Tsai etal., Nat Biotechnol 32, 569-576 (2014); WO2014144288); and engineeredCRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificities (Kleinstiver etal., Nature. 2015 Jul. 23; 523(7561):481-5).

Thus, provided herein are Cas9 variants, including SpCas9 variants. TheSpCas9 wild type sequence is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 1)        10         20         30         40         50         60MDKKYSIGLD IGTNSVGWAV ITDEYKVPSK KFKVLGNTDR HSIKKNLIGA LLFDSGETAE        70         80         90        100        110        120ATRLKRTARR RYTRRKNRIC YLQEIFSNEM AKVDDSFFHR LEESFLVEED KKHERHPIFG       130        140        150        160        170        180NIVDEVAYHE KYPTIYHLRK KLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAH MIKFRGHFLI EGDLNPDNSD       190        200        210        220        230        240VDKLFIQLVQ TYNQLFEENP INASGVDAKA ILSARLSKSR RLENLIAQLP GEKKNGLFGN       250        260        270        280        290        300LIALSLGLTP NFKSNFDLAE DAKLQLSKDT YDDDLDNLLA QIGDQYADLF LAAKNLSDAI       310        320        330        340        350        360LLSDILRVNT EITKAPLSAS MIKRYDEHHQ DLTLLKALVR QQLPEKYKEI FFDQSKNGYA       370        380        390        400        410        420GYIDGGASQE EFYKFIKPIL EKMDGTEELL VKLNREDLLR KQRTFDNGSI PHQIHLGELH       430        440        450        460        470        480AILRRQEDFY PFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPY YVGPLARGNS RFAWMTRKSE ETITPWNFEE       490        500        510        520        530        540VVDKGASAQS FIERMTNFDK NLPNEKVLPK HSLLYEYFTV YNELTKVKYV TEGMRKPAFL       550        560        570        580        590        600SGEQKKAIVD LLFKTNRKVT VKQLKEDYFK KIECFDSVEI SGVEDRFNAS LGTYHDLLKI       610        620        630        640        650        660IKDKDFLDNE ENEDILEDIV LTLTLFEDRE MIEERLKTYA HLFDDKVMKQ LKRRRYTGWG       670        680        690        700        710        720RLSRKLINGI RDKQSGKTIL DFLKSDGFAN RNFMQLIHDD SLTFKEDIQK AQVSGQGDSL       730        740        750        760        770        780HEHIANLAGS PAIKKGILQT VKVVDELVKV MGRHKPENIV IEMARENQTT QKGQKNSRER       790        800        810        820        830        840MKRIEEGIKE LGSQILKEHP VENTQLQNEK LYLYYLQNGR DMYVDQELDI NRLSDYDVDH       850        860        870        880        890        900IVPQSFLKDD SIDNKVLTRS DKNRGKSDNV PSEEVVKKMK NYWRQLLNAK LITQRKFDNL       910        920        930        940        950        960TKAERGGLSE LDKAGFIKRQ LVETRQITKH VAQILDSRMN TKYDENDKLI REVKVITLKS       970        980        990       1000       1010       1020KLVSDFRKDF QFYKVREINN YHHAHDAYLN AVVGTALIKK YPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRK      1030       1040       1050       1060       1070       1080MIAKSEQEIG KATAKYFFYS NIMNFFKTEI TLANGEIRKR PLIETNGETG EIVWDKGRDF      1090       1100       1110       1120       1130       1140ATVRKVLSMP QVNIVKKTEV QTGGFSKESI LPKRNSDKLI ARKKDWDPKK YGGFDSPTVA      1150       1160       1170       1180       1190       1200YSVLVVAKVE KGKSKKLKSV KELLGITIME RSSFEKNPID FLEAKGYKEV KKDLIIKLPK      1210       1220       1230       1240       1250       1260YSLFELENGR KRMLASAGEL QKGNELALPS KYVNFLYLAS HYEKLKGSPE DNEQKQLFVE      1270       1280       1290       1300       1310       1320QHKHYLDEII EQISEFSKRV ILADANLDKV LSAYNKHRDK PIREQAENII HLFTLTNLGA      1330       1340       1350       1360PAAFKYFDTT IDRKRYTSTK EVLDATLIHQ SITGLYETRI DLSQLGGD

The SpCas9 variants described herein can include the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:1, with mutations (i.e., replacement of the native aminoacid with a different amino acid, e.g., alanine, glycine, or serine), atone or more of the following positions: N497, R661, Q695, Q926 (or atpositions analogous thereto). In some embodiments, the SpCas9 variantsare at least 80%, e.g., at least 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, e.g., have differences at up to 5%, 10%,15%, or 20% of the residues of SEQ ID NO:1 replaced, e.g., withconservative mutations, in addition to the mutations described herein.In preferred embodiments, the variant retains desired activity of theparent, e.g., the nuclease activity (except where the parent is anickase or a dead Cas9), and/or the ability to interact with a guide RNAand target DNA).

To determine the percent identity of two nucleic acid sequences, thesequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can beintroduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleicacid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can bedisregarded for comparison purposes). The length of a reference sequencealigned for comparison purposes is at least 80% of the length of thereference sequence, and in some embodiments is at least 90% or 100%. Thenucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotidepositions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence isoccupied by the same nucleotide as the corresponding position in thesecond sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (asused herein nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to nucleic acid“homology”). The percent identity between the two sequences is afunction of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences,taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap,which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.Percent identity between two polypeptides or nucleic acid sequences isdetermined in various ways that are within the skill in the art, forinstance, using publicly available computer software such as SmithWaterman Alignment (Smith, T. F. and M. S. Waterman (1981) J Mol Biol147:195-7); “BestFit” (Smith and Waterman, Advances in AppliedMathematics, 482-489 (1981)) as incorporated into GeneMatcher Plus™,Schwarz and Dayhof (1979) Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure,Dayhof, M. O., Ed, pp 353-358; BLAST program (Basic Local AlignmentSearch Tool; (Altschul, S. F., W. Gish, et al. (1990) J Mol Biol 215:403-10), BLAST-2, BLAST-P, BLAST-N, BLAST-X, WU-BLAST-2, ALIGN, ALIGN-2,CLUSTAL, or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. In addition, those skilled inthe art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment,including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over thelength of the sequences being compared. In general, for proteins ornucleic acids, the length of comparison can be any length, up to andincluding full length (e.g., 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, or 100%). For purposes of the present compositions andmethods, at least 80% of the full length of the sequence is aligned.

For purposes of the present invention, the comparison of sequences anddetermination of percent identity between two sequences can beaccomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12,a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.

Conservative substitutions typically include substitutions within thefollowing groups: glycine, alanine; valine, isoleucine, leucine;aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine; serine, threonine;lysine, arginine; and phenylalanine, tyrosine.

In some embodiments, the SpCas9 variants include one of the followingsets of mutations: N497A/R661A/Q695/Q926A (quadruple alanine mutant);Q695A/Q926A (double alanine mutant); R661A/Q695A/Q926A andN497A/Q695A/Q926A (triple alanine mutants). In some embodiments, theadditional substitution mutations at L169 and/or Y450 might be added tothese double-, triple, and quadruple mutants or added to single mutantsbearing substitutions at Q695 or Q926. In some embodiments, the mutantshave alanine in place of the wild type amino acid. In some embodiments,the mutants have any amino acid other than arginine or lysine (or thenative amino acid).

In some embodiments, the SpCas9 variants also include one of thefollowing mutations, which reduce or destroy the nuclease activity ofthe Cas9: D10, E762, D839, H983, or D986 and H840 or N863, e.g.,D10A/D10N and H840A/H840N/H840Y, to render the nuclease portion of theprotein catalytically inactive; substitutions at these positions couldbe alanine (as they are in Nishimasu al., Cell 156, 935-949 (2014)), orother residues, e.g., glutamine, asparagine, tyrosine, serine, oraspartate, e.g., E762Q, H983N, H983Y, D986N, N863D, N863S, or N863H (seeWO 2014/152432). In some embodiments, the variant includes mutations atD10A or H840A (which creates a single-strand nickase), or mutations atD10A and H840A (which abrogates nuclease activity; this mutant is knownas dead Cas9 or dCas9).

The SpCas9 N497A/R661A/Q695A/R926A mutations have analogous residues inStaphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9); see FIG. 14. Mutations to theresidues contacting the DNA or RNA backbone are expected to increase thespecificity of SaCas9 as we've observed for SpCas9. Thus, also providedherein are SaCas9 variants. The SaCas9 wild type sequence is as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 2)         10         20         30         40MKRNYILGLD IGITSVGYGI IDYETRDVID AGVRLFKEAN         50        60         70         80VENNEGRRSK RGARRLKRRR RHRIQRVKKL LFDYNLLTDH        90        100        110        120SELSGINPYE ARVKGLSQKL SEEEFSAALL HLAKRRGVHN       130        140        150        160VNEVEEDTGN ELSTKEQISR NSKALEEKYV AELQLERLKK       170        180        190        200DGEVRGSINR FKTSDYVKEA KQLLKVQKAY HQLDQSFIDT       210        220        230        240YIDLLETRRT YYEGPGEGSP FGWKDIKEWY EMLMGHCTYF       250        260        270        280PEELRSVKYA YNADLYNALN DLNNLVITRD ENEKLEYYEK       290        300        310        320FQIIENVFKQ KKKPTLKQIA KEILVNEEDI KGYRVTSTGK       330        340        350        360PEFTNLKVYH DIKDITARKE IIENAELLDQ IAKILTIYQS       370        380        390        400SEDIQEELTN LNSELTQEEI EQISNLKGYT GTHNLSLKAI       410        420        430        440NLILDELWHT NDNQIAIFNR LKLVPKKVDL SQQKEIPTTL       450        460        470        480VDDFILSPVV KRSFIQSIKV INAIIKKYGL PNDIIIELAR       490        500        510        520EKNSKDAQKM INEMQKRNRQ TNERIEEIIR TTGKENAKYL       530        540        550        560IEKIKLHDMQ EGKCLYSLEA IPLEDLLNNP FNYEVDHIIP       570        580        590        600RSVSFDNSFN NKVLVKQEEN SKKGNRTPFQ YLSSSDSKIS       610        620        630        640YETFKKHILN LAKGKGRISK TKKEYLLEER DINRFSVQKD       650        660        670        680FINRNLVDTR YATRGLMNLL RSYFRVNNLD VKVKSINGGF       690        700        710        720TSFLRRKWKF KKERNKGYKH HAEDALIIAN ADFIFKEWKK       730        740        750        760LDKAKKVMEN QMFEEKQAES MPEIETEQEY KEIFITPHQI       770        780        790        800KHIKDFKDYK YSHRVDKKPN RELINDTLYS TRKDDKGNTL       810        820        830        840IVNNLNGLYD KDNDKLKKLI NKSPEKLLMY HHDPQTYQKL       850        860        870        880KLIMEQYGDE KNPLYKYYEE TGNYLTKYSK KDNGPVIKKI       890        900        910        920KYYGNKLNAH LDITDDYPNS RNKVVKLSLK PYRFDVYLDN       930        940        950        960GVYKFVTVKN LDVIKKENYY EVNSKCYEEA KKLKKISNQA       970        980        990       1000EFIASFYNND LIKINGELYR VIGVNNDLLN RIEVNMIDIT      1010       1020       1030       1040YREYLENMND KRPPRIIKTI ASKTQSIKKY STDILGNLYE       1050 VKSKKHPQII KKG

SaCas9 variants described herein include the amino acid sequence of SEQID NO:2, with mutations at one, two, three, four, five, or all six ofthe following positions: Y211, W229, R245, T392, N419, and/or R654,e.g., comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical to the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 with mutations at one, two, three, fourfive or six of the following positions: Y211, W229, R245, T392, N419,and/or R654.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins also comprise one ormore of the following mutations: Y211A; W229A; Y230A; R245A; T392A;N419A; L446A; Y651A; R654A; D786A; T787A; Y789A; T882A; K886A; N888A;A889A; L909A; N985A; N986A; R991A; R1015A; N44A; R45A; R51A; R55A; R59A;R60A; R116A; R165A; N169A; R208A; R209A; Y211A; T238A; Y239A; K248A;Y256A; R314A; N394A; Q414A; K57A; R61A; H111A; K114A; V164A; R165A;L788A; S790A; R792A; N804A; Y868A; K870A; K878A; K879A; K881A; Y897A;R901A; K906A.

In some embodiments, variant SaCas9 proteins comprise one or more of thefollowing additional mutations: Y211A, W229A, Y230A, R245A, T392A,N419A, L446A, Y651A, R654A, D786A, T787A, Y789A, T882A, K886A, N888A,A889A, L909A, N985A, N986A, R991A, R1015A, N44A, R45A, R51A, R55A, R59A,R60A, R116A, R165A, N169A, R208A, R209A, Y211A, T238A, Y239A, K248A,Y256A, R314A, N394A, Q414A, K57A, R61A, H111A, K114A, V164A, R165A,L788A, S790A, R792A, N804A, Y868A, K870A, K878A, K879A, K881A, Y897A,R901A, K906A.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins comprise multiplesubstitution mutations: R245/T392/N419/R654 and Y221/R245/N419/R654(quadruple variant mutants); N419/R654, R245/R654, Y221/R654, andY221/N419 (double mutants); R245/N419/R654, Y211/N419/R654, andT392/N419/R654 (triple mutants). In some embodiments the mutants containalanine in place of the wild type amino acid.

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins also comprise mutationsat E782K, K929R, N968K, and/or R1015H. For example, the KKH variant(E782K/N968K/R1015H), the KRH variant (E782K/K929R/R1015H), or the KRKHvariant (E782K/K929R/N968K/R1015H)]

In some embodiments, the variant SaCas9 proteins also comprise one ormore mutations that decrease nuclease activity selected from the groupconsisting of mutations at D10, E477, D556, H701, or D704; and at H557or N580.

In some embodiments, the mutations are: (i) D10A or D10N, (ii) H557A,H557N, or H557Y, (iii) N580A, and/or (iv) D556A.

Also provided herein are isolated nucleic acids encoding the Cas9variants, vectors comprising the isolated nucleic acids, optionallyoperably linked to one or more regulatory domains for expressing thevariant proteins, and host cells, e.g., mammalian host cells, comprisingthe nucleic acids, and optionally expressing the variant proteins.

The variants described herein can be used for altering the genome of acell; the methods generally include expressing the variant proteins inthe cells, along with a guide RNA having a region complementary to aselected portion of the genome of the cell. Methods for selectivelyaltering the genome of a cell are known in the art, see, e.g., U.S. Pat.No. 8,993,233; US 20140186958; U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,649; WO/2014/099744;WO 2014/089290; WO2014/144592; WO144288; WO2014/204578; WO2014/152432;WO2115/099850; U.S. Pat. No. 8,697,359; US20160024529; US20160024524;US20160024523; US20160024510; US20160017366; US20160017301;US20150376652; US20150356239; US20150315576; US20150291965;US20150252358; US20150247150; US20150232883; US20150232882;US20150203872; US20150191744; US20150184139; US20150176064;US20150167000; US20150166969; US20150159175; US20150159174;US20150093473; US20150079681; US20150067922; US20150056629;US20150044772; US20150024500; US20150024499; US20150020223;US20140356867; US20140295557; US20140273235; US20140273226;US20140273037; US20140189896; US20140113376; US20140093941;US20130330778; US20130288251; US20120088676; US20110300538;US20110236530; US20110217739; US20110002889; US20100076057;US20110189776; US20110223638; US20130130248; US20150050699;US20150071899; US20150045546; US20150031134; US20150024500;US20140377868; US20140357530; US20140349400; US20140335620;US20140335063; US20140315985; US20140310830; US20140310828;US20140309487; US20140304853; US20140298547; US20140295556;US20140294773; US20140287938; US20140273234; US20140273232;US20140273231; US20140273230; US20140271987; US20140256046;US20140248702; US20140242702; US20140242700; US20140242699;US20140242664; US20140234972; US20140227787; US20140212869;US20140201857; US20140199767; US20140189896; US20140186958;US20140186919; US20140186843; US20140179770; US20140179006;US20140170753; WO/2008/108989; WO/2010/054108; WO/2012/164565;WO/2013/098244; WO/2013/176772; Makarova et al., “Evolution andclassification of the CRISPR-Cas systems” 9(6) Nature ReviewsMicrobiology 467-477 (1-23) (June 2011); Wiedenheft et al., “RNA-guidedgenetic silencing systems in bacteria and archaea” 482 Nature 331-338(Feb. 16, 2012); Gasiunas et al., “Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complexmediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria”109(39) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA E2579-E2586(Sep. 4, 2012); Jinek et al., “A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNAEndonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity” 337 Science 816-821 (Aug.17, 2012); Carroll, “A CRISPR Approach to Gene Targeting” 20(9)Molecular Therapy 1658-1660 (September 2012); U.S. Appl. No. 61/652,086,filed May 25, 2012; Al-Attar et al., Clustered Regularly InterspacedShort Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs): The Hallmark of an IngeniousAntiviral Defense Mechanism in Prokaryotes, Biol Chem. (2011) vol. 392,Issue 4, pp. 277-289; Hale et al., Essential Features and RationalDesign of CRISPR RNAs That Function With the Cas RAMP Module Complex toCleave RNAs, Molecular Cell, (2012) vol. 45, Issue 3, 292-302.

The variant proteins described herein can be used in place of or inaddition to any of the Cas9 proteins described in the foregoingreferences, or in combination with mutations described therein. Inaddition, the variants described herein can be used in fusion proteinsin place of the wild-type Cas9 or other Cas9 mutations (such as thedCas9 or Cas9 nickase described above) as known in the art, e.g., afusion protein with a heterologous functional domains as described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,993,233; US 20140186958; U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,649;WO/2014/099744; WO 2014/089290; WO2014/144592; WO144288; WO2014/204578;WO2014/152432; WO2115/099850; U.S. Pat. No. 8,697,359; US2010/0076057;US2011/0189776; US2011/0223638; US2013/0130248; WO/2008/108989;WO/2010/054108; WO/2012/164565; WO/2013/098244; WO/2013/176772;US20150050699; US 20150071899 and WO 2014/124284. For example, thevariants, preferably comprising one or more nuclease-reducing or killingmutation, can be fused on the N or C terminus of the Cas9 to atranscriptional activation domain or other heterologous functionaldomains (e.g., transcriptional repressors (e.g., KRAB, ERD, SID, andothers, e.g., amino acids 473-530 of the ets2 repressor factor (ERF)repressor domain (ERD), amino acids 1-97 of the KRAB domain of KOX1, oramino acids 1-36 of the Mad mSIN3 interaction domain (SID); see Beerliet al., PNAS USA 95:14628-14633 (1998)) or silencers such asHeterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1, also known as swi6), e.g., HP1α or HP1β;proteins or peptides that could recruit long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs)fused to a fixed RNA binding sequence such as those bound by the MS2coat protein, endoribonuclease Csy4, or the lambda N protein; enzymesthat modify the methylation state of DNA (e.g., DNA methyltransferase(DNMT) or TET proteins); or enzymes that modify histone subunits (e.g.,histone acetyltransferases (HAT), histone deacetylases (HDAC), histonemethyltransferases (e.g., for methylation of lysine or arginineresidues) or histone demethylases (e.g., for demethylation of lysine orarginine residues)) as are known in the art can also be used. A numberof sequences for such domains are known in the art, e.g., a domain thatcatalyzes hydroxylation of methylated cytosines in DNA. Exemplaryproteins include the Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET)1-3 family, enzymesthat converts 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC)in DNA.

Sequences for human TET1-3 are known in the art and are shown in thefollowing table:

GenBank Accession Nos. Gene Amino Acid Nucleic Acid TET1 NP_085128.2NM_030625.2 TET2* NP_001120680.1 (var 1) NM_001127208.2 NP_060098.3 (var2) NM_017628.4 TET3 NP_659430.1 NM_144993.1 *Variant (1) represents thelonger transcript and encodes the longer isoform (a). Variant (2)differs in the 5′ UTR and in the 3′ UTR and coding sequence compared tovariant 1. The resulting isoform (b) is shorter and has a distinctC-terminus compared to isoform a.

In some embodiments, all or part of the full-length sequence of thecatalytic domain can be included, e.g., a catalytic module comprisingthe cysteine-rich extension and the 2OGFeDO domain encoded by 7 highlyconserved exons, e.g., the Teti catalytic domain comprising amino acids1580-2052, Tet2 comprising amino acids 1290-1905 and Tet3 comprisingamino acids 966-1678. See, e.g., FIG. 1 of Iyer et al., Cell Cycle. 2009Jun. 1; 8(11):1698-710. Epub 2009 Jun. 27, for an alignment illustratingthe key catalytic residues in all three Tet proteins, and thesupplementary materials thereof (available at ftp siteftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/aravind/DONS/supplementary_material_DONS.html) forfull length sequences (see, e.g., seq 2c); in some embodiments, thesequence includes amino acids 1418-2136 of Tet1 or the correspondingregion in Tet2/3.

Other catalytic modules can be from the proteins identified in Iyer etal., 2009.

In some embodiments, the heterologous functional domain is a biologicaltether, and comprises all or part of (e.g., DNA binding domain from) theMS2 coat protein, endoribonuclease Csy4, or the lambda N protein. Theseproteins can be used to recruit RNA molecules containing a specificstem-loop structure to a locale specified by the dCas9 gRNA targetingsequences. For example, a dCas9 variant fused to MS2 coat protein,endoribonuclease Csy4, or lambda N can be used to recruit a longnon-coding RNA (IncRNA) such as XIST or HOTAIR; see, e.g., Keryer-Bibenset al., Biol. Cell 100:125-138 (2008), that is linked to the Csy4, MS2or lambda N binding sequence. Alternatively, the Csy4, MS2 or lambda Nprotein binding sequence can be linked to another protein, e.g., asdescribed in Keryer-Bibens et al., supra, and the protein can betargeted to the dCas9 variant binding site using the methods andcompositions described herein. In some embodiments, the Csy4 iscatalytically inactive. In some embodiments, the Cas9 variant,preferably a dCas9 variant, is fused to FokI as described in U.S. Pat.No. 8,993,233; US 20140186958; U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,649; WO/2014/099744;WO 2014/089290; WO2014/144592; WO144288; WO2014/204578; WO2014/152432;WO2115/099850; U.S. Pat. No. 8,697,359; US2010/0076057; US2011/0189776;US2011/0223638; US2013/0130248; WO/2008/108989; WO/2010/054108;WO/2012/164565; WO/2013/098244; WO/2013/176772; US20150050699; US20150071899 and WO 2014/204578.

In some embodiments, the fusion proteins include a linker between thedCas9 variant and the heterologous functional domains. Linkers that canbe used in these fusion proteins (or between fusion proteins in aconcatenated structure) can include any sequence that does not interferewith the function of the fusion proteins. In preferred embodiments, thelinkers are short, e.g., 2-20 amino acids, and are typically flexible(i.e., comprising amino acids with a high degree of freedom such asglycine, alanine, and serine). In some embodiments, the linker comprisesone or more units consisting of GGGS (SEQ ID NO:3) or GGGGS (SEQ IDNO:4), e.g., two, three, four, or more repeats of the GGGS (SEQ ID NO:5)or GGGGS (SEQ ID NO:6) unit. Other linker sequences can also be used.

In some embodiments, the variant protein includes a cell-penetratingpeptide sequence that facilitates delivery to the intracellular space,e.g., HIV-derived TAT peptide, penetratins, transportans, or hCT derivedcell-penetrating peptides, see, e.g., Caron et al., (2001) Mol Ther.3(3):310-8; Langel, Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Processes andApplications (CRC Press, Boca Raton Fla. 2002); El-Andaloussi et al.,(2005) Curr Pharm Des. 11(28):3597-611; and Deshayes et al., (2005) CellMol Life Sci. 62(16):1839-49.

Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that facilitate themovement of a wide range of biomolecules across the cell membrane intothe cytoplasm or other organelles, e.g. the mitochondria and thenucleus. Examples of molecules that can be delivered by CPPs includetherapeutic drugs, plasmid DNA, oligonucleotides, siRNA, peptide-nucleicacid (PNA), proteins, peptides, nanoparticles, and liposomes. CPPs aregenerally 30 amino acids or less, are derived from naturally ornon-naturally occurring protein or chimeric sequences, and containeither a high relative abundance of positively charged amino acids, e.g.lysine or arginine, or an alternating pattern of polar and non-polaramino acids. CPPs that are commonly used in the art include Tat (Frankelet al., (1988) Cell. 55:1189-1193, Vives et al., (1997) J. Biol. Chem.272:16010-16017), penetratin (Derossi et al., (1994) J. Biol. Chem.269:10444-10450), polyarginine peptide sequences (Wender et al., (2000)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:13003-13008, Futaki et al., (2001) J.Biol. Chem. 276:5836-5840), and transportan (Pooga et al., (1998) Nat.Biotechnol. 16:857-861).

CPPs can be linked with their cargo through covalent or non-covalentstrategies. Methods for covalently joining a CPP and its cargo are knownin the art, e.g. chemical cross-linking (Stetsenko et al., (2000) J.Org. Chem. 65:4900-4909, Gait et al. (2003) Cell. Mol. Life. Sci.60:844-853) or cloning a fusion protein (Nagahara et al., (1998) Nat.Med. 4:1449-1453). Non-covalent coupling between the cargo and shortamphipathic CPPs comprising polar and non-polar domains is establishedthrough electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.

CPPs have been utilized in the art to deliver potentially therapeuticbiomolecules into cells. Examples include cyclosporine linked topolyarginine for immunosuppression (Rothbard et al., (2000) NatureMedicine 6(11):1253-1257), siRNA against cyclin B1 linked to a CPPcalled MPG for inhibiting tumorigenesis (Crombez et al., (2007) BiochemSoc. Trans. 35:44-46), tumor suppressor p53 peptides linked to CPPs toreduce cancer cell growth (Takenobu et al., (2002) Mol. Cancer Ther.1(12):1043-1049, Snyder et al., (2004) PLoS Biol. 2:E36), and dominantnegative forms of Ras or phosphoinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) fused to Tat totreat asthma (Myou et al., (2003) J. Immunol. 171:4399-4405).

CPPs have been utilized in the art to transport contrast agents intocells for imaging and biosensing applications. For example, greenfluorescent protein (GFP) attached to Tat has been used to label cancercells (Shokolenko et al., (2005) DNA Repair 4(4):511-518). Tatconjugated to quantum dots have been used to successfully cross theblood-brain barrier for visualization of the rat brain (Santra et al.,(2005) Chem. Commun. 3144-3146). CPPs have also been combined withmagnetic resonance imaging techniques for cell imaging (Liu et al.,(2006) Biochem. and Biophys. Res. Comm. 347(1):133-140). See also Ramseyand Flynn, Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Jul. 22. pii: S0163-7258(15)00141-2.

Alternatively or in addition, the variant proteins can include a nuclearlocalization sequence, e.g., SV40 large T antigen NLS (PKKKRRV (SEQ IDNO:7)) and nucleoplasmin NLS (KRPAATKKAGQAKKKK (SEQ ID NO:8)). OtherNLSs are known in the art; see, e.g., Cokol et al., EMBO Rep. 2000 Nov.15; 1(5): 411-415; Freitas and Cunha, Curr Genomics. 2009 December;10(8): 550-557.

In some embodiments, the variants include a moiety that has a highaffinity for a ligand, for example GST, FLAG or hexahistidine sequences.Such affinity tags can facilitate the purification of recombinantvariant proteins.

For methods in which the variant proteins are delivered to cells, theproteins can be produced using any method known in the art, e.g., by invitro translation, or expression in a suitable host cell from nucleicacid encoding the variant protein; a number of methods are known in theart for producing proteins. For example, the proteins can be produced inand purified from yeast, E. coli, insect cell lines, plants, transgenicanimals, or cultured mammalian cells; see, e.g., Palomares et al.,“Production of Recombinant Proteins: Challenges and Solutions,” MethodsMol Biol. 2004; 267:15-52. In addition, the variant proteins can belinked to a moiety that facilitates transfer into a cell, e.g., a lipidnanoparticle, optionally with a linker that is cleaved once the proteinis inside the cell. See, e.g., LaFountaine et al., Int J Pharm. 2015Aug. 13; 494(1):180-194.

Expression Systems

To use the Cas9 variants described herein, it may be desirable toexpress them from a nucleic acid that encodes them. This can beperformed in a variety of ways. For example, the nucleic acid encodingthe Cas9 variant can be cloned into an intermediate vector fortransformation into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells for replicationand/or expression. Intermediate vectors are typically prokaryotevectors, e.g., plasmids, or shuttle vectors, or insect vectors, forstorage or manipulation of the nucleic acid encoding the Cas9 variantfor production of the Cas9 variant. The nucleic acid encoding the Cas9variant can also be cloned into an expression vector, for administrationto a plant cell, animal cell, preferably a mammalian cell or a humancell, fungal cell, bacterial cell, or protozoan cell.

To obtain expression, a sequence encoding a Cas9 variant is typicallysubcloned into an expression vector that contains a promoter to directtranscription. Suitable bacterial and eukaryotic promoters are wellknown in the art and described, e.g., in Sambrook et al., MolecularCloning, A Laboratory Manual (3d ed. 2001); Kriegler, Gene Transfer andExpression: A Laboratory Manual (1990); and Current Protocols inMolecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds., 2010). Bacterial expressionsystems for expressing the engineered protein are available in, e.g., E.coli, Bacillus sp., and Salmonella (Palva et al., 1983, Gene22:229-235). Kits for such expression systems are commerciallyavailable. Eukaryotic expression systems for mammalian cells, yeast, andinsect cells are well known in the art and are also commerciallyavailable.

The promoter used to direct expression of a nucleic acid depends on theparticular application. For example, a strong constitutive promoter istypically used for expression and purification of fusion proteins. Incontrast, when the Cas9 variant is to be administered in vivo for generegulation, either a constitutive or an inducible promoter can be used,depending on the particular use of the Cas9 variant. In addition, apreferred promoter for administration of the Cas9 variant can be a weakpromoter, such as HSV TK or a promoter having similar activity. Thepromoter can also include elements that are responsive totransactivation, e.g., hypoxia response elements, Gal4 responseelements, lac repressor response element, and small molecule controlsystems such as tetracycline-regulated systems and the RU-486 system(see, e.g., Gossen & Bujard, 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:5547;Oligino et al., 1998, Gene Ther., 5:491-496; Wang et al., 1997, GeneTher., 4:432-441; Neering et al., 1996, Blood, 88:1147-55; and Rendahlet al., 1998, Nat. Biotechnol., 16:757-761).

In addition to the promoter, the expression vector typically contains atranscription unit or expression cassette that contains all theadditional elements required for the expression of the nucleic acid inhost cells, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Atypical expressioncassette thus contains a promoter operably linked, e.g., to the nucleicacid sequence encoding the Cas9 variant, and any signals required, e.g.,for efficient polyadenylation of the transcript, transcriptionaltermination, ribosome binding sites, or translation termination.Additional elements of the cassette may include, e.g., enhancers, andheterologous spliced intronic signals.

The particular expression vector used to transport the geneticinformation into the cell is selected with regard to the intended use ofthe Cas9 variant, e.g., expression in plants, animals, bacteria, fungus,protozoa, etc. Standard bacterial expression vectors include plasmidssuch as pBR322 based plasmids, pSKF, pET23D, and commercially availabletag-fusion expression systems such as GST and LacZ.

Expression vectors containing regulatory elements from eukaryoticviruses are often used in eukaryotic expression vectors, e.g., SV40vectors, papilloma virus vectors, and vectors derived from Epstein-Barrvirus. Other exemplary eukaryotic vectors include pMSG, pAV009A+,pMTO10/A+, pMAMneo-5, baculovirus pDSVE, and any other vector allowingexpression of proteins under the direction of the SV40 early promoter,SV40 late promoter, metallothionein promoter, murine mammary tumor viruspromoter, Rous sarcoma virus promoter, polyhedrin promoter, or otherpromoters shown effective for expression in eukaryotic cells.

The vectors for expressing the Cas9 variants can include RNA Pol IIIpromoters to drive expression of the guide RNAs, e.g., the H1, U6 or 7SKpromoters. These human promoters allow for expression of Cas9 variantsin mammalian cells following plasmid transfection.

Some expression systems have markers for selection of stably transfectedcell lines such as thymidine kinase, hygromycin B phosphotransferase,and dihydrofolate reductase. High yield expression systems are alsosuitable, such as using a baculovirus vector in insect cells, with thegRNA encoding sequence under the direction of the polyhedrin promoter orother strong baculovirus promoters.

The elements that are typically included in expression vectors alsoinclude a replicon that functions in E. coli, a gene encoding antibioticresistance to permit selection of bacteria that harbor recombinantplasmids, and unique restriction sites in nonessential regions of theplasmid to allow insertion of recombinant sequences.

Standard transfection methods are used to produce bacterial, mammalian,yeast or insect cell lines that express large quantities of protein,which are then purified using standard techniques (see, e.g., Colley etal., 1989, J. Biol. Chem., 264:17619-22; Guide to Protein Purification,in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182 (Deutscher, ed., 1990)).Transformation of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are performedaccording to standard techniques (see, e.g., Morrison, 1977, J.Bacteriol. 132:349-351; Clark-Curtiss & Curtiss, Methods in Enzymology101:347-362 (Wu et al., eds, 1983).

Any of the known procedures for introducing foreign nucleotide sequencesinto host cells may be used. These include the use of calcium phosphatetransfection, polybrene, protoplast fusion, electroporation,nucleofection, liposomes, microinjection, naked DNA, plasmid vectors,viral vectors, both episomal and integrative, and any of the otherwell-known methods for introducing cloned genomic DNA, cDNA, syntheticDNA or other foreign genetic material into a host cell (see, e.g.,Sambrook et al., supra). It is only necessary that the particulargenetic engineering procedure used be capable of successfullyintroducing at least one gene into the host cell capable of expressingthe Cas9 variant.

The present invention also includes the vectors and cells comprising thevectors.

EXAMPLES

The invention is further described in the following examples, which donot limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

Methods Bacterial-Based Positive Selection Assay for Evolving SpCas9Variants

Competent E. coli BW25141(λDE3)²³ containing a positive selectionplasmid (with embedded target site) were transformed withCas9/sgRNA-encoding plasmids. Following a 60 minute recovery in SOBmedia, transformations were plated on LB plates containing eitherchloramphenicol (non-selective) or chloramphenicol +10 mM arabinose(selective).

To identify additional positions that might be critical for genome widetarget specificity, a bacterial selection system previously used tostudy properties of homing endonucleases (hereafter referred to as thepositive selection) (Chen & Zhao, Nucleic Acids Res 33, e154 (2005);Doyon et al., J Am Chem Soc 128, 2477-2484 (2006)) was adapted.

In the present adaptation of this system, Cas9-mediated cleavage of apositive selection plasmid encoding an inducible toxic gene enables cellsurvival, due to subsequent degradation and loss of the linearizedplasmid. After establishing that SpCas9 can function in the positiveselection system, both wild-type and the variants were tested for theirability to cleave a selection plasmid harboring a target site selectedfrom the known human genome. These variants were introduced intobacteria with a positive selection plasmid containing a target site andplated on selective medium. Cleavage of the positive selection plasmidwas estimated by calculating the survival frequency: colonies onselective plates/colonies on non-selective plates (see FIG. 1, 5-6).

A Subset of Plasmids Used in This Study (Sequences Shown Below)

Addgene Name ID Description JDS246 43861 CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-NLS-3xFLAGVP12 pending CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-HF1(N497A, R661A, Q695A,Q926A)-NLS-3xFLAG MSP2135 pending CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-HF2(N497A, R661A,Q695A, Q926A, D1135E)-NLS- 3xFLAG MSP2133 pendingCMV-T7-humanSpCas9-HF4(Y450A, N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A)-NLS- 3xFLAGMSP469 65771 CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VQR(D1135V, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAGMSP2440 pending CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VQR-HF1(N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A,D1135V, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAG BPK2797 pendingCMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VRQR(D1135V, G1218R, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAGMSP2443 pending CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VRQR-HF1(N497A, R661A, Q695A, Q926A,D1135V, G1218R, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAG BPK1520 65777U6-BsmBIcassette-Sp-sgRNA

Human Cell Culture and Transfection

U2OS.EGFP cells harboring a single integrated copy of a constitutivelyexpressed EGFP-PEST reporter gene¹⁵ were cultured in Advanced DMEM media(Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM GlutaMax (LifeTechnologies), penicillin/streptomycin, and 400 μg/ml of G418 at 37° C.with 5% CO₂. Cells were co-transfected with 750 ng of Cas9 plasmid and250 ng of sgRNA plasmid (unless otherwise noted) using the DN-100program of a Lonza 4D-nucleofector according to the manufacturer'sprotocols. Cas9 plasmid transfected together with an empty U6 promoterplasmid was used as a negative control for all human cell experiments.(see FIGS. 2, 7-10).

Human Cell EGFP Disruption Assay

EGFP disruption experiments were performed as previously described¹⁶.Transfected cells were analyzed for EGFP expression˜52 hourspost-transfection using a Fortessa flow cytometer (BD Biosciences).Background EGFP loss was gated at approximately 2.5% for all experiments(see FIGS. 2, 7).

T7E1 Assay, Targeted Deep-Sequencing, and GUIDE-seq to QuantifyNuclease-Induced Mutation Rates

T7E1 assays were performed as previously described for human cells(Kleinstiver, B. P. et al., Nature 523, 481-485 (2015)). For U2OS.EGFPhuman cells, genomic DNA was extracted from transfected cells˜72 hourspost-transfection using the Agencourt DNAdvance Genomic DNA IsolationKit (Beckman Coulter Genomics). Roughly 200 ng of purified PCR productwas denatured, annealed, and digested with T7E1 (New England BioLabs).Mutagenesis frequencies were quantified using a Qiaxcel capillaryelectrophoresis instrument (QIagen), as previously described for humancells ¹⁵.

GUIDE-seq experiments were performed as previously described (Tsai etal., Nat Biotechnol 33, 187-197 (2015)). Briefly, phosphorylated,phosphorothioate-modified double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (dsODNs)were transfected into U2OS cells with Cas9 nuclease along with Cas9 andsgRNA expression plasmids, as described above. dsODN-specificamplification, high-throughput sequencing, and mapping were performed toidentify genomic intervals containing DSB activity. For wild-type versusdouble or quadruple mutant variant experiments, off-target read countswere normalized to the on-target read counts to correct for sequencingdepth differences between samples. The normalized ratios for wild-typeand variant SpCas9 were then compared to calculate the fold-change inactivity at off-target sites. To determine whether wild-type and SpCas9variant samples for GUIDE-seq had similar oligo tag integration rates atthe intended target site, restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) assays were performed by amplifying the intended target loci withPhusion Hot-Start Flex from 100 ng of genomic DNA (isolated as describedabove). Roughly 150 ng of PCR product was digested with 20 U of Ndel(New England BioLabs) for 3 hours at 37° C. prior to clean-up using theAgencourt Ampure XP kit. RFLP results were quantified using a Qiaxcelcapillary electrophoresis instrument (QIagen) to approximate oligo tagintegration rates. T7E1 assays were performed for a similar purpose, asdescribed above.

Example 1

One potential solution to address targeting specificity of CRISPR-Cas9RNA guided gene editing would be to engineer Cas9 variants with novelmutations.

Based on these earlier results, it was hypothesized (without wishing tobe bound by theory) that the specificity of CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases mightbe significantly increased by reducing the non-specific binding affinityof Cas9 for DNA, mediated by the binding to the phosphate groups on theDNA or hydrophobic or base stacking interactions with the DNA. Thisapproach would have the advantage of not decreasing the length of thetarget site recognized by the gRNA/Cas9 complex, as in the previouslydescribed truncated gRNA approach. It was reasoned that non-specificbinding affinity of Cas9 for DNA might be reduced by mutating amino acidresidues that contact phosphate groups on the target DNA.

An analogous approach has been used to create variants of non-Cas9nucleases such as TALENs (see, for example, Guilinger et al., Nat.Methods. 11: 429 (2014)).

In an initial test of the hypothesis, the present inventors attempted toengineer a reduced affinity variant of the widely used S. pyogenes Cas9(SpCas9) by introducing individual alanine substitutions into variousresidues in SpCas9 that might be expected to interact with phosphates onthe DNA backbone. An E. coli-based screening assay was used to assessthe activities of these variants (Kleinstiver et al., Nature. 2015 Jul.23; 523(7561):481-5). In this bacterial system, cell survival dependedon cleavage (and subsequent destruction) of a selection plasmidcontaining a gene for the toxic gyrase poison ccdB and a 23 base pairsequence targeted by a gRNA and SpCas9. Results of this experimentidentified residues that retained or lost activity (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Activities of single alanine substitution mutants of Cas9 asassessed in the bacterial cell-based system shown in FIG. 1. mutation %survival R63A 84.2 R66A 0 R70A 0 R74A 0 R78A 56.4 R165A 68.9 R403A 85.2N407A 97.2 N497A 72.6 K510A 79.0 Y515A 34.1 R661A 75.0 Q695A 69.8 Q926A53.3 K1107A 47.4 E1108A 40.0 S1109A 96.6 K1113A 51.8 R1114A 47.3 S1116A73.8 K1118A 48.7 D1135A 67.2 S1136A 69.2 K1151A 0 K1153A 76.6 K1155A44.6 K1158A 46.5 K1185A 19.3 K1200A 24.5 S1216A 100.4 Q1221A 98.8 K1289A55.2 R1298A 28.6 K1300A 59.8 K1325A 52.3 R1333A 0 K1334A 87.5 R1335A 0T1337A 64.6Survival percentages between 50-100% usually indicated robust cleavage,whereas 0% survival indicated that the enzyme has been functionallycompromised. Additional mutations that were assayed in bacteria (but arenot shown in the table above) include: R69A, R71A, Y72A, R75A, K76A,N77A, R115A, H160A, K163A, L169A, T404A, F405A, R447A, I448A, Y450A,S460A, M495A, M694A, H698A, Y1013A, V1015A, R1122A, K1123A, and K1124A.With the exception of R69A and F405A (which had <5% survival inbacteria), all of these additional single mutations appeared to havelittle effect on the on-target activity of SpCas9 (>70% survival in thebacterial screen).

15 different SpCas9 variants bearing all possible single, double, tripleand quadruple combinations of the N497A, R661A, Q695A, and Q926Amutations were constructed to test whether contacts made by theseresidues might be dispensable for on-target activity (FIG. 1b ). Forthese experiments, a previously described human cell-based assay wasused in which cleavage and induction of insertion or deletion mutations(indels) by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated repair within asingle integrated EGFP reporter gene leads to loss of cell fluorescence(Reyon, D. et al., Nat Biotechnol. 30, 460-465, 2012). Using aEGFP-targeted sgRNA previously shown to efficiently disrupt EGFPexpression in human cells when paired with wild-type SpCas9 (Fu, Y. etal., Nat Biotechnol 31, 822-826 (2013), all 15 SpCas9 variants possessedEGFP disruption activities comparable to that of wild-type SpCas9 (FIG.1b , grey bars). Thus, substitution of one or all of these residues didnot reduce on-target cleavage efficiency of SpCas9 with thisEGFP-targeted sgRNA.

Next, experiments were performed to assess the relative activities ofall 15 SpCas9 variants at mismatched target sites. To do this, the EGFPdisruption assay was repeated with derivatives of the EGFP-targetedsgRNA used in the previous experiment that contain pairs of substitutedbases at positions 13 and 14, 15 and 16, 17 and 18, and 18 and 19(numbering starting with 1 for the most PAM-proximal base and endingwith 20 for the most PAM-distal base; FIG. 1b ). This analysis revealedthat one of the triple mutants (R661A/Q695A/Q926A) and the quadruplemutant (N497A/R661A/Q695A/Q926A) both showed levels of EGFP disruptionequivalent to that of background with all four of the mismatched sgRNAs(FIG. 1b , colored bars). Notably, among the 15 variants, thosepossessing the lowest activities with the mismatched sgRNAs all harboredthe Q695A and Q926A mutations. Based on these results and similar datafrom an experiment using a sgRNA for another EGFP target site, thequadruple mutant (N497A/R661A/Q695A/Q926A) was chosen for additionalanalysis and designated it as SpCas9-HF1 (for high-fidelity variant #1).

On-Target Activities of SpCas9-HF1

To determine how robustly SpCas9-HF1 functions at a larger number ofon-target sites, direct comparisons were performed between this variantand wild-type SpCas9 using additional sgRNAs. In total, 37 differentsgRNAs were tested: 24 targeted to EGFP (assayed with the EGFPdisruption assay) and 13 targeted to endogenous human gene targets(assayed using the T7 Endonuclease I (T7EI) mismatch assay). 20 of the24 sgRNAs tested with the EGFP disruption assay (FIG. 1c ) and 12 of the13 sgRNAs tested on endogenous human gene sites (FIG. 1d ) showedactivities with SpCas9-HF1 that were at least 70% as active as wild-typeSpCas9 with the same sgRNA (FIG. 1e ). Indeed, SpCas9-HF1 showed highlycomparable activities (90-140%) to wild-type SpCas9 with the vastmajority of sgRNAs (FIG. 1e ). Three of the 37 sgRNAs tested showedessentially no activity with SpCas9-HF1 and examination of these targetsites did not suggest any obvious differences in the characteristics ofthese sequences compared to those for which high activities were seen(Table 3). Overall, SpCas9-HF1 possessed comparable activities (greaterthan 70% of wild-type SpCas9 activities) for 86% (32/37) of the sgRNAstested.

TABLE 3 List of sgRNA targets S. pyogenes sgRNAs EGFP Spacer SEQ SEQPrep length ID Sequence with extended ID Name Name (nt) Spacer SequenceNO: PAM NO: FYF1320 NGG 20 GGGCACGGGC   9. GGGCACGGGCAGCTTGC  10. site 1AGCTTGCCGG CGGTGGT FYF1641 NGG 18 GCACGGGCAG  11. GCACGGGCAGCTTGCCG  12.site 1 CTTGCCGG GTGGT CK1012 NGG 20 GGGCACccGCA  13. GGGCACccGCAGCTTGC 14. site 1- GCTTGCCGG CGGTGGT 13 & 14   FYF1429 NGG 20 GGGCtgGGGCA  15.GGGCtgGGGCAGCTTGC  16. site 1- GCTTGCCGG CGGTGGT 15 & 16 FYF1430 NGG 20GGcgACGGGCA  17. GGcgACGGGCAGCTTGC  18. site 1- GCTTGCCGG CGGTGGT17 & 18 FYF1347 NGG 20 GccCACGGGCA  19. GccCACGGGCAGCTTGC  20. site 1-GCTTGCCGG CGGTGGT 18 & 19 BPK1345 NGG 20 GTCGCCCTCG  21.GTCGCCCTCGAACTTCA  22. site 2 AACTTCACCT CCTCGGC BPK1350 NGG 20GTAGGTCAGG  23. GTAGGTCAGGGTGGTCA  24. site 3 GTGGTCACGA CGAGGGT BPK1353 NGG 20 GGCGAGGGCG  25. GGCGAGGGCGATGCCA  26. site 4 ATGCCACCTACCTACGGC MSP792 NGG 20 GGTCGCCACC  27. GGTCGCCACCATGGTGA  28. site 5ATGGTGAGCA GCAAGGG MSP795 NGG 20 GGTCAGGGTG  29. GGTCAGGGTGGTCACGA  30.site 6 GTCACGAGGG GGGTGGG FYF1328 NGG 20 GGTGGTGCAG  31.GGTGGTGCAGATGAACT  32. site 7 ATGAACTTCA TCAGGGT JAF1001 NGG 17GGTGCAGATG  33. GGTGCAGATGAACTTCA  34. site 7 AACTTCA GGGT BPK1365 NGG20 GTTGGGGTCTT  35. GTTGGGGTCTTTGCTCA  36. site 8 TGCTCAGGG GGGCGGAMSP794 NGG 20 GGTGGTCACG  37. GGTGGTCACGAGGGTGG  38. site 9 AGGGTGGGCCGCCAGGG FYF1327 NGG 20 GATGCCGTTCT  39. GATGCCGTTCTTCTGCTT  40. site 10TCTGCTTGT GTCGGC JAF997 NGG 17 GCCGTTCTTCT  41. GCCGTTCTTCTGCTTGTC  42.site 10 GCTTGT GGC BPK1347 NGG 20 GTCGCCACCA  43. GTCGCCACCATGGTGAG  44.site 11 TGGTGAGCAA CAAGGGC BPK1369 NGG 20 GCACTGCACG  45.GCACTGCACGCCGTAGG  46. site 12 CCGTAGGTCA TCAGGGT MSP2545 NGG 20GTGAACCGCA  47. GTGAACCGCATCGAGCT  48. site 13 TCGAGCTGAA GAAGGGCMSP2546 NGG 20 GAAGGGCATC  49. GAAGGGCATCGACTTCA  50. site 14 GACTTCAAGGAGGAGGA MSP2547 NGG 20 GCTTCATGTGG  51. GCTTCATGTGGTCGGGG  52. site 15TCGGGGTAG TAGCGGC MSP2548 NGG 20 GCTGAAGCAC  53. GCTGAAGCACTGCACGC  54.site 16 TGCACGCCGT CGTAGGT MSP2549 NGG 20 GCCGTCGTCCT  55.GCCGTCGTCCTTGAAGA  56. site 17 TGAAGAAGA AGATGGT MSP2550 NGG 20GACCAGGATG  57. GACCAGGATGGGCACC  58. site 18 GGCACCACCC ACCCCGGTMSP2551 NGG 20 GACGTAGCCT  59. GACGTAGCCTTCGGGCA  60. site 19 TCGGGCATGGTGGCGGA MSP2553 NGG 20 GAAGTTCGAG  61. GAAGTTCGAGGGCGAC  62. site 20GGCGACACCC ACCCTGGT MSP2554 NGG 20 GAGCTGGACG  63. GAGCTGGACGGCGACGT 64. site 21 GCGACGTAAA AAACGGC MSP2555 NGG 20 GGCATCGCCC  65.GGCATCGCCCTCGCCCT  66. site 22 TCGCCCTCGC CGCCGGA MSP2556 NGG 20GGCCACAAGT  67. GGCCACAAGTTCAGCGT  68. site 23 TCAGCGTGTC GTCCGGCFYF1331 NGG 20 GGGCGAGGAG  69. GGGCGAGGAGCTGTTCA  70. site 24 CTGTTCACCGCCGGGGT FYF1560 NGG 18 GCGAGGAGCT  71. GCGAGGAGCTGTTCACC  72. site 24GTTCACCG GGGGT BPK1348 NGG 20 CCTCGAACTTC  73. CCTCGAACTTCACCTCG  74.site 25- ACCTCGGCG GCGCGGG no 5′ G BPK1349 NGG 20 GCTCGAACTTC  75.GCTCGAACTTCACCTCG  76. site 25- ACCTCGGCG GCGCGGG mm 5′ G BPK1351 NGG 20CAACTACAAG  77. CAACTACAAGACCCGCG  78. site 26- ACCCGCGCCG CCGAGGT no 5′G BPK1352 NGG 20 GAACTACAAG  79. GAACTACAAGACCCGCG  80. site 26-ACCCGCGCCG CCGAGGT mm 5′ G BPK1373 NGG 20 CGCTCCTGGA  81.CGCTCCTGGACGTAGCC  82. site 27- CGTAGCCTTC TTCGGGC no 5′ G BPK1375 NGG20 GGCTCCTGGA  83. CGCTCCTGGACGTAGCC  84. site 27- CGTAGCCTTC TTCGGGCmm 5′ G BPK1377 NGG 20 AGGGCGAGGA  85. AGGGCGAGGAGCTGTTC  86. site 28-GCTGTTCACC ACCGGGG no 5′ G BPK1361 NGG 20 GGGGCGAGGA  87.GGGGCGAGGAGCTGTTC  88. site 28- GCTGTTCACC ACCGGGG mm 5′ G BPK468 NGAA20 GTTCGAGGGC  89. GTTCGAGGGCGACACCC  90. site 1 GACACCCTGG TGGTGAAMSP807 NGAA 20 GTTCACCAGG  91. GTTCACCAGGGTGTCGC  92. site 2 GTGTCGCCCTCCTCGAA MSP170 NGAC 20 GCCCACCCTC  93. GCCCACCCTCGTGACCA  94. site 1GTGACCACCC CCCTGAC MSP790 NGAC 20 GCCCTTGCTCA  95. GCCCTTGCTCACCATGG 96. site 2 CCATGGTGG TGGCGAC MSP171 NGAT 20 GTCGCCGTCC  97.GTCGCCGTCCAGCTCGA  98. site 1 AGCTCGACCA CCAGGAT MSP169 NGAT 20GTGTCCGGCG  99. GTGTCCGGCGAGGGCGA 100. site 2 AGGGCGAGGG GGGCGAT MSP168NGAG 20 GGGGTGGTGC 101. GGGGTGGTGCCCATCCT 102. site 1 CCATCCTGGT GGTCGAGMSP366 NGAG 20 GCCACCATGG 103. GCCACCATGGTGAGCAA 104. site 2 TGAGCAAGGGGGGCGAG Endogenous genes EMX1 Spacer SEQ SEQ Prep length IDSequence with extended ID Name Name (nt) Spacer Sequence NO: PAM NO:FYF1548 NGG 20 GAGTCCGAGC 105. GAGTCCGAGCAGAAG 106. site 1 AGAAGAAGAAAGAAGGGC A MSP809 NGG 20 GTCACCTCCA 107. GTCACCTCCAATGACT 108. site 2ATGACTAGGG AGGGTGGG VC475 NGG 20 GGGAAGACTG 109. GGGAAGACTGAGGCT 110.site 3 AGGCTACATA ACATAGGGT MSP814*1 NGA 20 GCCACGAAGC 111.GCCACGAAGCAGGCC 112. site 1 AGGCCAATGG AATGGGGAG FANCF Spacer SEQ SEQPrep length ID Sequence with extended ID Name Name (nt) Spacer SequenceNO: PAM NO: DR348 NGG 20 GGAATCCCTT 113. GGAATCCCTTCTGCAG 114. site 1CTGCAGCACC CACCTGGA MSP815 NGG 20 GCTGCAGAAG 115. GCTGCAGAAGGGATTC 116.site 2 GGATTCCATG CATGAGGT MSP816 NGG 20 GGCGGCTGCA 117.GGCGGCTGCACAACCA 118. site 3 CAACCAGTGG GTGGAGGC MSP817 NGG 20GCTCCAGAGC 119. GCTCCAGAGCCGTGCG 120. site 4 CGTGCGAATG AATGGGGCMSP818*2 NGA 20 GAATCCCTTC 121. GAATCCCTTCTGCAGC 122. site 1 TGCAGCACCTACCTGGAT MSP820*3 NGA 20 GCGGCGGCTG 123. GCGGCGGCTGCACAAC 124. site 2CACAACCAGT CAGTGGAG MSP885*4 NGA 20 GGTTGTGCAG 125. GGTTGTGCAGCCGCCG126. site 3 CCGCCGCTCC CTCCAGAG RUNX1 Spacer SEQ SEQ Prep length IDSequence with extended ID Name Name (nt) Spacer Sequence NO: PAM NO:MSP822 NGG 20 GCATTTTCAG 127. GCATTTTCAGGAGGAA 128. site 1 GAGGAAGCGAGCGATGGC MSP825 NGG 20 GGGAGAAGA 129. GGGAGAAGAAAGAGA 130. site 2AAGAGAGATG GATGTAGGG T MSP826*5 NGA 20 GGTGCATTTT 131. GGTGCATTTTCAGGAG132. site 1 CAGGAGGAAG GAAGCGAT MSP828*6 NGA 20 GAGATGTAGG 133.GAGATGTAGGGCTAGA 134. site 2 GCTAGAGGGG GGGGTGAG MSP1725 NGAA 20GGTATCCAGC 135. GGTATCCAGCAGAGGG 136. site 1 AGAGGGGAG GAGAAGAA AMSP1726 NGAA 20 GAGGCATCTC 137. GAGGCATCTCTGCACC 138. site 2 TGCACCGAGGGAGGTGAA MSP1728 NGAC 20 GAGGGGTGAG 139. GAGGGGTGAGGCTGA 140. site 1GCTGAAACAG AACAGTGAC MSP1730 NGAC 20 GAGCAAAAGT 141. GAGCAAAAGTAGATAT142. site 2 AGATATTACA TACAAGAC MSP1732 NGAT 20 GGAATTCAAA 143.GGAATTCAAACTGAGG 144. site 1 CTGAGGCATA CATATGAT MSP829 NGAT 20GCAGAGGGGA 145. GCAGAGGGGAGAAGA 146. site 2 GAAGAAAGA AAGAGAGAT GMSP1734 NGAG 20 GCACCGAGGC 147. GCACCGAGGCATCTCT 148. site 1 ATCTCTGCACGCACCGAG MSP828 NGAG 20 GAGATGTAGG 149. GAGATGTAGGGCTAGA 150. site 2GCTAGAGGGG GGGGTGAG ZSCAN2 Spacer SEQ SEQ Prep length IDSequence with extended ID Name Name (nt) Spacer Sequence NO: PAM NO:NN675 NGG 20 GTGCGGCAAG 151. GTGCGGCAAGAGCTTC 152. site AGCTTCAGCCAGCCGGGG VEGFA Spacer SEQ SEQ Prep length ID Sequence with extended IDName Name (nt) Spacer Sequence NO: PAM NO: VC297 NGG 20 GGGTGGGGGG 153.GGGTGGGGGGAGTTTG 154. site 1 AGTTTGCTCC CTCCTGGA VC299 NGG 20 GACCCCCTCC155. GACCCCCTCCACCCCG 156. site 2 ACCCCGCCTC CCTCCGGG VC228 NGG 20GGTGAGTGAG 157. GGTGAGTGAGTGTGTG 158. site 3 TGTGTGCGTG CGTGTGGGBPK1846*7 NGA 20 GCGAGCAGCG 159. GCGAGCAGCGTCTTCG 160. site 1 TCTTCGAGAGAGAGTGAG ZNF629 Spacer SEQ SEQ Prep length ID Sequence with extended IDName Name (nt) Spacer Sequence NO: PAM NO: NN675*8 NGA 20 GTGCGGCAAG161. GTGCGGCAAGAGCTTC 162. site AGCTTCAGCC AGCCAGAG *1, NGA EMX1 site 4from Kleinstiver et al., Nature 2015 *2, NGA FANCF site 1 fromKleinstiver et al., Nature 2015 *3, NGA FANCF site 3 from Kleinstiver etal., Nature 2015 *4, NGA FANCF site 4 from Kleinstiver et al., Nature2015 *5, NGA RUNX1 site 1 from Kleinstiver et al., Nature 2015 *6, NGARUNX1 site 3 from Kleinstiver et al., Nature 2015 *7, NGA VEGFA site 1from Kleinstiver et al., Nature 2015 *8, NGA ZNF629 site fromKleinstiver et al., Nature 2015

Genome-Wide Specificity of SpCas9-HF1

To test whether SpCas9-HF1 exhibited reduced off-target effects in humancells, the genome-wide unbiased identification of double-stranded breaksenabled by sequencing (GUIDE-seq) method was used. GUIDE-seq usesintegration of a short double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (dsODN) taginto double-strand breaks to enable amplification and sequencing ofadjacent genomic sequence, with the number of tag integrations at anygiven site providing a quantitative measure of cleavage efficiency(Tsai, S. Q. et al, Nat Biotechnol 33, 187-197 (2015)). GUIDE-seq wasused to compare the spectrum of off-target effects induced by wild-typeSpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 using eight different sgRNAs targeted to varioussites in the endogenous human EMX1, FANCF, RUNX1, and ZSCAN2 genes. Thesequences targeted by these sgRNAs are unique and have variable numbersof predicted mismatched sites in the reference human genome (Table 2).Assessment of on-target dsODN tag integration (by restriction fragmentlength polymorphism (RFLP) assay) and indel formation (by T7EI assay)for the eight sgRNAs revealed comparable on-target activities withwild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 (FIGS. 7a and 7b , respectively).GUIDE-seq experiments showed that seven of the eight sgRNAs inducedcleavage at multiple genome-wide off-target sites (ranging from 2 to 25per sgRNA) with wild-type SpCas9, whereas the eighth sgRNA (for FANCFsite 4) did not produce any detectable off-target sites (FIGS. 2a and 2b). However, six of the seven sgRNAs that induced indels with wild-typeSpCas9 showed a strikingly complete absence of GUIDE-seq detectableoff-target events with SpCas9-HF1 (FIGS. 2a and 2b ); and the remainingseventh sgRNA (for FANCF site 2) induced only a single detectablegenome-wide off-target cleavage event, at a site harboring one mismatchwithin the protospacer seed sequence (FIG. 2a ). Collectively, theoff-target sites that were not detected when using SpCas9-HF1 harboredone to six mismatches in the protospacer and/or PAM sequence (FIG. 2c ).As with wild-type SpCas9, the eighth sgRNA (for FANCF site 4) did notyield any detectable off-target cleavage events when tested withSpCas9-HF1 (FIG. 2a ).

To confirm the GUIDE-seq findings, targeted amplicon sequencing was usedto more directly measure the frequencies of NHEJ-mediated indelmutations induced by wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1. For theseexperiments, human cells were transfected only with sgRNA- andCas9-encoding plasmids (i.e., without the GUIDE-seq tag).Next-generation sequencing was then used to examine 36 of the 40off-target sites that had been identified with wild-type SpCas9 for sixsgRNAs in the GUIDE-seq experiments (four of the 40 sites could not beexamined because they could not be specifically amplified from genomicDNA). These deep sequencing experiments showed that: (1) wild-typeSpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 induced comparable frequencies of indels at eachof the six sgRNA on-target sites (FIGS. 3a and 3b ); (2) wild-typeSpCas9, as expected showed statistically significant evidence of indelmutations at 35 of the 36 off-target sites (FIG. 3b ) at frequenciesthat correlated well with GUIDE-seq read counts for these same sites(FIG. 3c ); and (3) the frequencies of indels induced by SpCas9-HF1 at34 of the 36 off-target sites were indistinguishable from the backgroundlevel of indels observed in samples from control transfections (FIG. 3b). For the two off-target sites that appeared to have statisticallysignificant mutation frequencies with SpCas9-HF1 relative to thenegative control, the mean frequencies of indels were 0.049% and 0.037%,levels at which it is difficult to determine whether these are due tosequencing/PCR error or are bona fide nuclease-induced indels. Based onthese results, it was concluded that SpCas9-HF1 can completely or nearlycompletely reduce off-target mutations that occur across a range ofdifferent frequencies with wild-type SpCas9 to undetectable levels.

Next the capability of SpCas9-HF1 to reduce genome-wide off-targeteffects of sgRNAs that target atypical homopolymeric or repetitivesequences was assessed. Although many now try to avoid on-target siteswith these characteristics due to their relative lack of orthogonalityto the genome, it was desirable to explore whether SpCas9-HF1 mightreduce off-target indels even for these challenging targets. Therefore,previously characterized sgRNAs (Fu, Y. et al., Nat Biotechnol 31, Tsai,S. Q. et al., Nat Biotechnol 33, 187-197 (2015) were used that targeteither a cytosine-rich homopolymeric sequence or a sequence containingmultiple TG repeats in the human VEGFA gene (VEGFA site 2 and VEGFA site3, respectively) (Table 2). In control experiments, each of these sgRNAsinduced comparable levels of GUIDE-seq ds ODN tag incorporation (FIG. 7c) and indel mutations (FIG. 7d ) with both wild-type SpCas9 andSpCas9-HF1, demonstrating that SpCas9-HF1 was not impaired in on-targetactivity with either of these sgRNAs. Importantly, GUIDE-seq experimentsrevealed that SpCas9-HF1 was highly effective at reducing off-targetsites of these sgRNAs, with 123/144 sites for VEGFA site 2 and 31/32sites for VEGFA site 3 not detected (FIGS. 4a and 4b ). Examination ofthese off-target sites not detected with SpCas9-HF1 showed that theyeach possessed a range of total mismatches within their protospacer andPAM sequences: 2 to 7 mismatches for the VEGFA site 2 sgRNA and 1 to 4mismatches for the VEGFA site 3 sgRNA (FIG. 4c ); also, nine of theseoff-targets for VEGFA site 2 may have a potential bulged base (Lin, Y.et al, Nucleic Acids Res 42, 7473-7485 (2014). at the sgRNA-DNAinterface (FIG. 4a and FIG. 8). The sites that were not detected withSpCas9-HF1 possessed 2 to 6 mismatches for the VEGFA site 2 sgRNA and 2mismatches in the single site for the VEGFA site 3 sgRNA (FIG. 4c ),with three off-target sites for VEGFA site 2 sgRNA again having apotential bulge (FIG. 8). Collectively, these results demonstrated thatSpCas9-HF1 can be highly effective at reducing off-target effects ofsgRNAs targeted to simple repeat sequences and can also have substantialimpacts on sgRNAs targeted to homopolymeric sequences.

TABLE 2Summary of potential mismatched sites in the reference human genomefor the ten sgRNAs examined by GUIDE-seq mismatches to on-target site*site spacer with PAM 1 2 3 4 5 6 total EMX1-1GAGTCCGAGCAGAAGAAGAAGGG (SEQ 0  1  18  273  2318 15831 18441 ID NO: 163)EMX1-2 GTCACCTCCAATGACTAGGGTGG (SEQ 0  0   3   68   780  6102  6953ID NO: 164) FANCF-1 GGAATCCCTTCTGCAGCACCTGG (SEQ 0  1  18  288  1475 9611 11393 ID NO: 165) FANCF-2 GCTGCAGAAGGGATTCCATGAGG (SEQ 1  1  29 235  2000 13047 15313 ID NO: 166) FANCF-3 GGCGGCTGCACAACCAGTGGAGG (SEQ0  0  11   79   874  6651  7615 ID NO: 167) FANCF-4GCTCCAGAGCCGTGCGAATGGGG (SEQ 0  0   6   59   639  5078  5782 ID NO: 168)RUNX1-1 GCATTTTCAGGAGGAAGCGATGG(SEQ 0  2   6  189  1644 11546 13387ID NO: 169) ZSCAN2 GTGCGGCAAGAGCTTCAGCCGGG(SEQ 0  3  12  127  1146 1068711975 ID NO: 170) VEGFA2 GACCCCCTCCACCCCGCCTCCGG(SEQ 0  2  35  456  390517576 21974 ID NO: 171) VEGFA3 GGTGAGTGAGTGTGTGCGTGTGG (SEQ 1 17 3836089 13536 35901 55927 ID NO: 172) *determined using Cas-OFFinder (Baeet al., Bioinformatics 30, 1473-1475 (2014))

TABLE 4 Oligonucleotides used in the study SEQ IDdescription of T7E1 primers sequence NO:forward primer to amplify EMX1 in GGAGCAGCTGGTCAG 173. U2OS human cellsAGGGG reverse primer to amplify EMX1 in CCATAGGGAAGGGGG 174.U2OS human cells ACACTGG forward primer to amplify FANCF inGGGCCGGGAAAGAGT 175. U2OS human cells TGCTGreverse primer to amplify FANCF in GCCCTACATCTGCTCT 176.U2OS human cells CCCTCC forward primer to amplify RUNX1 inCCAGCACAACTTACTC 177. U2OS human cells GCACTTGACreverse primer to amplify RUNX1 in CATCACCAACCCACAG 178.U2OS human cells CCAAGG forward primer to amplify VEGFA inTCCAGATGGCACATTG 179. U2OS human cells TCAGreverse primer to amplify VEGFA in AGGGAGCAGGAAAGT 180. U2OS human cellsGAGGT forward primer to amplify VEGFA (NGG CGAGGAAGAGAGAGA 181.site 2) in U2OS human cells CGGGGTC reverse primer to amplify VEGFA (NGGCTCCAATGCACCCAAG 182. site 2) in U2OS human cells ACAGCAGforward primer to amplify ZSCAN2 in AGTGTGGGGTGTGTGG 183.U2OS human cells GAAG reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2 inGCAAGGGGAAGACTC 184. U2OS human cells TGGCAforward primer to amplify ZNF629 in TACGAGTGCCTAGAGT 185.U2OS human cells GCG reverse primer to amplify ZNF629 inGCAGATGTAGGTCTTG 186. U2OS human cells GAGGAC SEQ IDdescription of deep sequencing primers sequence NO:forward primer to amplify EMX1-1 GGAGCAGCTGGTCAG 187. on-target AGGGGreverse primer to amplify EMX1-1 CGATGTCCTCCCCATT 188. on-target GGCCTGforward primer to amplify EMX1-1- GTGGGGAGATTTGCAT 189. GUIDE_seq-OT#1CTGTGGAGG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- GCTTTTATACCATCTT 190.GUIDE_seq-OT#1 GGGGTTACAG forward primer to amplify EMX1-1-CAATGTGCTTCAACCC 191. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 ATCACGGCreverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- CCATGAATTTGTGATG 192. GUIDE_seq-OT#2GATGCAGTCTG forward primer to amplify EMX1-1- GAGAAGGAGGTGCAG 193.GUIDE_seq-OT#3 GAGCTAGAC reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1-CATCCCGACCTTCATC 194. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 CCTCCTGGforward primer to amplify EMX1-1- GTAGTTCTGACATTCC 195. GUIDE_seq-OT#4TCCTGAGGG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- TCAAACAAGGTGCAG 196.GUIDE_seq-OT#4 ATACAGCA forward primer to amplify EMX1-1-CAGGGTCGCTCAGTCT 197. GUIDE_seq-OT#5 GTGTGGreverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- CCAGCGCACCATTCAC 198. GUIDE_seq-OT#5TCCACCTG forward primer to amplify EMX1-1- GGCTGAAGAGGAAGA 199.GUIDE_seq-OT#6 CCAGACTCAG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1-GGCCCCTCTGAATTCA 200. GUIDE_seq-OT#6 ATTCTCTGCforward primer to amplify EMX1-1- CCACAGCGAGGAGTG 201. GUIDE_seq-OT#7ACAGCC reverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- CCAAGTCTTTCCTAAC 202.GUIDE_seq-OT#7 TCGACCTTGG forward primer to amplify EMX1-1-CCCTAGGCCCACACCA 203. GUIDE_seq-OT#8 GCAATGreverse primer to amplify EMX1-1- GGGATGGGAATGGGA 204. GUIDE_seq-OT#8ATGTGAGGC forward primer to amplify EMX1-2 GCCCAGGTGAAGGTGT 205.on-target GGTTCC reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2 CCAAAGCCTGGCCAGG 206.on-target GAGTG forward primer to amplify EMX1-2- AGGCAAAGATCTAGG 207.GUIDE_seq-OT#1 ACCTGGATGG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2-CCATCTGAGTCAGCCA 208. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 GCCTTGTCforward primer to amplify EMX1-2- GGTTCCCTCCCTTCTG 209. GUIDE_seq-OT#2AGCCC reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- GGATAGGAATGAAGA 210.GUIDE_seq-OT#2 CCCCCTCTCC forward primer to amplify EMX1-2-GGACTGGCTGGCTGTG 211. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 TGTTTTGAGreverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- CTTATCCAGGGCTACC 212. GUIDE_seq-OT#3TCATTGCC forward primer to amplify EMX1-2- GCTGCTGCTGCTTTGA 213.GUIDE_seq-OT#4 TCACTCCTG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2-CTCCTTAAACCCTCAG 214. GUIDE_seq-OT#4 AAGCTGGCforward primer to amplify EMX1-2- GCACTGTCAGCTGATC 215. GUIDE_seq-OT#5CTACAGG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- ACGTTGGAACAGTCGA 216.GUIDE_seq-OT#5 GCTGTAGC forward primer to amplify EMX1-2-TGTGCATAACTCATGT 217. GUIDE_seq-OT#6 TGGCAAACTreverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- TCCACAACTACCCTCA 218. GUIDE_seq-OT#6GCTGGAG forward primer to amplify EMX1-2- CCACTGACAATTCACT 219.GUIDE_seq-OT#7 CAACCCTGC reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2-AGGCAGACCAGTTATT 220. GUIDE_seq-OT#7 TGGCAGTCforward primer to amplify EMX1-2- ACAGGCGCAGTTCACT 221. GUIDE_seq-OT#9GAGAAG reverse primer to amplify EMX1-2- GGGTAGGCTGACTTTG 222.GUIDE_seq-OT#9 GGCTCC forward primer to amplify FANCF-1 GCCCTCTTGCCTCCAC223. on-target TGGTTG reverse primer to amplify FANCF-1 CGCGGATGTTCCAATC224. on-target AGTACGC forward primer to amplify FANCF-1-GCGGGCAGTGGCGTCT 225. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 TAGTCGreverse primer to amplify FANCF-1- CCCTGGGTTTGGTTGG 226. GUIDE_seq-OT#1CTGCTC forward primer to amplify FANCF-1- CTCCTTGCCGCCCAGC 227.GUIDE_seq-OT#2 CGGTC reverse primer to amplify FANCF-1- CACTGGGGAAGAGGC228. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 GAGGACAC forward primer to amplify FANCF-1-CCAGTGTTTCCCATCC 229. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 CCAACACreverse primer to amplify FANCF-1- GAATGGATCCCCCCCT 230. GUIDE_seq-OT#3AGAGCTC forward primer to amplify FANCF-1- CAGGCCCACAGGTCCT 231.GUIDE_seq-OT#4 TCTGGA reverse primer to amplify FANCF-1- CCACACGGAAGGCTG232. GUIDE_seq-OT#4 ACCACG forward primer to amplify FANCF-3GCGCAGAGAGAGCAG 233. on-target GACGTC reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3GCACCTCATGGAATCC 234. on-target CTTCTGCforward primer to amplify FANCF-3- CAAGTGATGCGACTTC 235. GUIDE_seq-OT#1CAACCTC reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3- CCCTCAGAGTTCAGCT 236.GUIDE_seq-OT#1 TAAAAAGACC forward primer to amplify FANCF-3-TGCTTCTCATCCACTCT 237. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 AGACTGCTreverse primer to amplify FANCF-3- CACCAACCAGCCATGT 238. GUIDE_seq-OT#2GCCATG forward primer to amplify FANCF-3- CTGCCTGTGCTCCTCG 239.GUIDE_seq-OT#3 ATGGTG reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3-GGGTTCAAAGCTCATC 240. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 TGCCCCforward primer to amplify FANCF-3- GCATGTGCCTTGAGAT 241. GUIDE_seq-OT#4TGCCTGG reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3- GACATTCAGAGAAGC 242.GUIDE_seq-OT#4 GACCATGTGG forward primer to amplify FANCF-3-CCATCTTCCCCTTTGG 243. GUIDE_seq-OT#5 CCCACAGreverse primer to amplify FANCF-3- CCCCAAAAGTGGCCAA 244. GUIDE_seq-OT#5GAGCCTGAG forward primer to amplify FANCF-3- GTTCTCCAAAGGAAGA 245.GUIDE_seq-OT#6 GAGGGGAATG reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3-GGTGCTGTGTCCTCAT 246. GUIDE_seq-OT#6 GCATCCforward primer to amplify FANCF-3- CGGCTTGCCTAGGGTC 247. GUIDE_seq-OT#7GTTGAG reverse primer to amplify FANCF-3- CCTTCAGGGGCTCTTC 248.GUIDE_seq-OT#7 CAGGTC forward primer to amplify RUNX1-1 GGGAACTGGCAGGCA249. on-target CCGAGG reverse primer to amplify RUNX1-1 GGGTGAGGCTGAAAC250. on-target AGTGACC forward primer to amplify RUNX1-1-GGGAGGATGTTGGTTT 251. GUIDE_seq-OT#1 TAGGGAACTGreverse primer to amplify RUNX1-1- TCCAATCACTACATGC 252. GUIDE_seq-OT#1CATTTTGAAGA forward primer to amplify RUNX1-1- CCACCCTCTTCCTTTG 253.GUIDE_seq-OT#2 ATCCTCCC reverse primer to amplify RUNX1-1-TCCTCCCTACTCCTTCA 254. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 CCCAGGforward primer to amplify ZSCAN2 GAGTGCCTGACATGTG 255. on-target GGGAGAGreverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2 TCCAGCTAAAGCCTTT 256. on-target CCCACACforward primer to amplify ZSCAN2- GAACTCTCTGATGCAC 257. GUIDE_seq-OT#1CTGAAGGCTG reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2- ACCGTATCAGTGTGAT 258.GUIDE_seq-OT#1 GCATGTGGT forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2-TGGGTTTAATCATGTG 259. GUIDE_seq-OT#2 TTCTGCACTATGreverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CCCATCTTCCATTCTG 260. GUIDE_seq-OT#2CCCTCCAC forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CAGCTAGTCCATTTGT 261.GUIDE_seq-OT#3 TCTCAGACTGTG reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2-GGCCAACATTGTGAAA 262. GUIDE_seq-OT#3 CCCTGTCTCforward primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CCAGGGACCTGTGCTT 263. GUIDE_seq-OT#4GGGTTC reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CACCCCATGACCTGGC 264.GUIDE_seq-OT#4 ACAAGTG forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2-AAGTGTTCCTCAGAAT 265. GUIDE_seq-OT#5 GCCAGCCCreverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CAGGAGTGCAGTTGTG 266. GUIDE_seq-OT#5TTGGGAG forward primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CTGATGAAGCACCAGA 267.GUIDE_seq-OT#6 GAACCCACC reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2-CACACCTGGCACCCAT 268. GUIDE_seq-OT#6 ATGGCforward primer to amplify ZSCAN2- GATCCACACTGGTGAG 269. GUIDE_seq-OT#7AAGCCTTAC reverse primer to amplify ZSCAN2- CTTCCCACACTCACAG 270.GUIDE_seq-OT#7 CAGATGTAGG

Refining the Specificity of SpCas9-HF1

Previously described methods such as truncated gRNAs (Fu, Y. et al., NatBiotechnol 32, 279-284 (2014)) and the SpCas9-D1135E variant(Kleinstiver, B. P. et al., Nature 523, 481-485 (2015)) can partiallyreduce SpCas9 off-target effects, and the present inventors wonderedwhether these might be combined with SpCas9-HF1 to further improve itsgenome-wide specificity. Testing of SpCas9-HF1 with matched full-lengthand truncated sgRNAs targeted to four sites in the human cell-based EGFPdisruption assay revealed that shortening sgRNA complementarity lengthsubstantially impaired on-target activities (FIG. 9). By contrast,SpCas9-HF1 with an additional D1135E mutation (a variant referred toherein as SpCas9-HF2) retained 70% or more activity of wild-type SpCas9with six of eight sgRNAs tested using a human cell-based EGFP disruptionassay (FIGS. 5a and 5b ). SpCas9-HF3 and SpCas9-HF4 variants were alsocreated harboring L169A or Y450A mutations, respectively, at positionswhose side chains mediated hydrophobic non-specific interactions withthe target DNA on its PAM proximal end (Nishimasu, H. et al., Cell 156,935-949 (2014); Jiang, F., et al., Science 348, 1477-1481 (2015)).SpCas9-HF3 and SpCas9-HF4 retained 70% or more of the activitiesobserved with wild-type SpCas9 with the same six out of eightEGFP-targeted sgRNAs (FIGS. 5a and 5b ).

To determine whether SpCas9-HF2, -HF3, and -HF4 could reduce indelfrequencies at two off-target sites (for the FANCF site 2 and VEGFA site3 sgRNAs) that were resistant to SpCas9-HF1, further experiments wereperformed. For the FANCF site 2 off-target, which bears a singlemismatch in the seed sequence of the protospacer, SpCas9-HF4 reducedindel mutation frequencies to near background level as judged by T7EIassay while also beneficially increasing on-target activity (FIG. 5c ),resulting in the greatest increase in specificity among the threevariants (FIG. 5d ). For the VEGFA site 3 off-target site, which bearstwo protospacer mismatches (one in the seed sequence and one at thenucleotide most distal from the PAM sequence), SpCas9-HF2 showed thegreatest reduction in indel formation while showing only modest effectson on-target mutation efficiency (FIG. 5c ), leading to the greatestincrease in specificity among the three variants tested (FIG. 5d ).Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential for reducingoff-target effects that are resistant to SpCas9-HF1 by introducingadditional mutations at other residues that mediate non-specific DNAcontacts or that may alter PAM recognition.

To generalize the T7E1 assay findings described above that showSpCas9-HF4 and SpCas9-HF2 have improved discrimination relative toSpCas9-HF1 against off-targets of the FANCF site 2 and VEGFA site 3sgRNAs, respectively, the genome-wide specificities of these variantswere examined using GUIDE-seq. Using an RFLP assay, it was determinedthat SpCas9-HF4 and SpCas9-HF2 had similar on-target activities toSpCas9-HF1, as assayed by GUIDE-seq tag integration rates (FIG. 13A).When analyzing the GUIDE-seq data, no new off-target sites wereidentified for SpCas9-HF2 or SpCas9-HF4 (FIG. 13B). Compared toSpCas9-HF1, off-target activities at all sites were either renderedundetectable by GUIDE-seq or substantially decreased. Relative toSpCas9-HF1, SpCas9-HF4 had nearly 26-fold better specificity against thesingle FANCF site 2 off-target site that remained recalcitrant to thespecificity improvements of SpCas9-HF1 (FIG. 13b ). SpCas9-HF2 hadnearly 4-fold improved specificity relative to SpCas9-HF1 for thehigh-frequency VEGFA site 3 off-target, while also dramatically reducing(>38-fold) or eliminating GUIDE-seq detectable events at otherlow-frequency off-target sites. Of note, the genomic position of 3 ofthese low frequency sites identified for SpCas9-HF1 are adjacent topreviously characterized background U2OS cell breakpoint hotspots.Collectively, these results suggest that the SpCas9-HF2 and SpCas9-HF4variants can improve the genome-wide specificity of SpCas9-HF1.

SpCas9-HF1 robustly and consistently reduced off-target mutations whenusing sgRNAs designed against standard, non-repetitive target sequences.The two off-target sites that were most resistant to SpCas9-HF1 haveonly one and two mismatches in the protospacer. Together, theseobservations suggest that off-target mutations might be minimized toundetectable levels by using SpCas9-HF1 and targeting non-repetitivesequences that do not have closely related sites bearing one or twomismatches elsewhere in the genome (something that can be easilyaccomplished using existing publicly available software programs (Bae,S., et al, Bioinformatics 30, 1473-1475 (2014)). One parameter thatusers should keep in mind is that SpCas9-HF1 may not be compatible withthe common practice of using a G at the 5′ end of the gRNA that ismismatched to the protospacer sequence. Testing of four sgRNAs bearing a5′ G mismatched to its target site showed three of the four haddiminished activities with SpCas9-HF1 compared to wild-type SpCas9 (FIG.10), perhaps reflecting the ability of SpCas9-HF1 to better discriminatea partially matched site.

Further biochemical work can confirm or clarify the precise mechanism bywhich SpCas9-HF1 achieves its high genome-wide specificity. It does notappear that the four mutations introduced alter the stability orsteady-state expression level of SpCas9 in the cell, because titrationexperiments with decreasing concentrations of expression plasmidssuggested that wild-type SpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1 behaved comparably astheir concentrations are lowered (FIG. 11). Instead, the simplestmechanistic explanation is that these mutations decreased the energeticsof interaction between the Cas9-sgRNA and the target DNA, with theenergy of the complex at a level just sufficient to retain on-targetactivity but lowered it enough to make off-target site cleavageinefficient or non-existent. This mechanism is consistent with thenon-specific interactions observed between the residues mutated and thetarget DNA phosphate backbone in structural data (Nishimasu, H. et al.,Cell 156, 935-949 (2014); Anders, C et. Al., Nature 513, 569-573(2014)). A somewhat similar mechanism has been proposed to explain theincreased specificities of transcription activator-like effectornucleases bearing substitutions at positively charged residues(Guilinger, J. P. et al., Nat Methods 11, 429-435 (2014)).

It was possible that SpCas9-HF1 might also be combined with othermutations that have been shown to alter Cas9 function. For example, anSpCas9 mutant bearing three amino acid substitutions(D1135V/R1335Q/T1337R, also known as the SpCas9-VQR variant), recognizessites with NGAN PAMs (with relative efficiencies forNGAG>NGAT=NGAA>NGAC) (Kleinstiver, B. P. et al, Nature 523, 481-485(2015)) and a recently identified quadruple SpCas9 mutant(D1135V/G1218R/R1335Q/T1337R, referred to as the SpCas9-VRQR variant)has improved activities relative to the VQR variant on sites with NGAH(H=A, C, or T) PAMs (FIG. 12a ). Introduction of the four mutations(N497A/R661A/Q695A/Q926A) from SpCas9-HF1 into SpCas9-VQR andSpCas9-VRQR created SpCas9-VQR-HF1 and SpCas9-VRQR-HF1, respectively.Both HF versions of these nucleases showed on-target activitiescomparable (i.e., 70% or more) to their non-HF counterparts with five ofeight sgRNAs targeted to the EGFP reporter gene and with seven of eightsgRNAs targeted to endogenous human gene sites (FIGS. 12b-12d ).

More broadly, these results illuminate a general strategy for theengineering of additional high-fidelity variants of CRISPR-associatednucleases. Adding additional mutations at non-specific DNA contactingresidues further reduced some of the very small number of residualoff-target sites that persist with SpCas9-HF1. Thus, variants such asSpCas9-HF2, SpCas9-HF3, SpCas9-HF4, and others can be utilized in acustomized fashion depending on the nature of the off-target sequences.Furthermore, success with engineering high-fidelity variants of SpCas9suggests that the approach of mutating non-specific DNA contacts can beextended to other naturally occurring and engineered Cas9 orthologues(Ran, F. A. et al., Nature 520, 186-191 (2015), Esvelt, K. M. et al.,Nat Methods 10, 1116-1121 (2013); Hou, Z. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA(2013); Fonfara, I. et al., Nucleic Acids Res 42, 2577-2590 (2014);Kleinstiver, B. P. et al, Nat Biotechnol (2015). as well as newerCRISPR-associated nucleases (Zetsche, B. et al., Cell 163, 759-771(2015); Shmakov, S. et al., Molecular Cell 60, 385-397). that are beingdiscovered and characterized with increasing frequency.

REFERENCES

-   1. Sander, J. D. & Joung, J. K. CRISPR-Cas systems for editing,    regulating and targeting genomes. Nat Biotechnol 32, 347-355 (2014).-   2. Hsu, P. D., Lander, E. S. & Zhang, F. Development and    applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Cell 157,    1262-1278 (2014).-   3. Doudna, J. A. & Charpentier, E. Genome editing. The new frontier    of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science 346, 1258096 (2014).-   4. Barrangou, R. & May, A. P. Unraveling the potential of    CRISPR-Cas9 for gene therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 15, 311-314    (2015).-   5. Jinek, M. et al. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease    in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 337, 816-821 (2012).-   6. Sternberg, S. H., Redding, S., Jinek, M., Greene, E. C. &    Doudna, J. A. DNA interrogation by the CRISPR RNA-guided    endonuclease Cas9. Nature 507, 62-67 (2014).-   7. Hsu, P. D. et al. DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9    nucleases. Nat Biotechnol 31, 827-832 (2013).-   8. Tsai, S. Q. et al. GUIDE-seq enables genome-wide profiling of    off-target cleavage by CRISPR-Cas nucleases. Nat Biotechnol 33,    187-197 (2015).-   9. Hou, Z. et al. Efficient genome engineering in human pluripotent    stem cells using Cas9 from Neisseria meningitidis. Proc Natl Acad    Sci USA (2013).-   10. Fonfara, I. et al. Phylogeny of Cas9 determines functional    exchangeability of dual-RNA and Cas9 among orthologous type II    CRISPR-Cas systems. Nucleic Acids Res 42, 2577-2590 (2014).-   11. Esvelt, K. M. et al. Orthogonal Cas9 proteins for RNA-guided    gene regulation and editing. Nat Methods 10, 1116-1121 (2013).-   12. Cong, L. et al. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas    systems. Science 339, 819-823 (2013).-   13. Horvath, P. et al. Diversity, activity, and evolution of CRISPR    loci in Streptococcus thermophilus. J Bacteriol 190, 1401-1412    (2008).-   14. Anders, C., Niewoehner, O., Duerst, A. & Jinek, M. Structural    basis of PAM-dependent target DNA recognition by the Cas9    endonuclease. Nature 513, 569-573 (2014).-   15. Reyon, D. et al. FLASH assembly of TALENs for high-throughput    genome editing. Nat Biotechnol 30, 460-465 (2012).-   16. Fu, Y. et al. High-frequency off-target mutagenesis induced by    CRISPR-Cas nucleases in human cells. Nat Biotechnol 31, 822-826    (2013).-   17. Chen, Z. & Zhao, H. A highly sensitive selection method for    directed evolution of homing endonucleases. Nucleic Acids Res 33,    e154 (2005).-   18. Doyon, J. B., Pattanayak, V., Meyer, C. B. & Liu, D. R. Directed    evolution and substrate specificity profile of homing endonuclease    I-SceI. J Am Chem Soc 128, 2477-2484 (2006).-   19. Jiang, W., Bikard, D., Cox, D., Zhang, F. & Marraffini, L. A.    RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems.    Nat Biotechnol 31, 233-239 (2013).-   20. Mali, P. et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9.    Science 339, 823-826 (2013).-   21. Hwang, W. Y. et al. Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using    a CRISPR-Cas system. Nat Biotechnol 31, 227-229 (2013).-   22. Chylinski, K., Le Rhun, A. & Charpentier, E. The tracrRNA and    Cas9 families of type II CRISPR-Cas immunity systems. RNA Biol 10,    726-737 (2013).-   23. Kleinstiver, B. P., Fernandes, A. D., Gloor, G. B. &    Edgell, D. R. A unified genetic, computational and experimental    framework identifies functionally relevant residues of the homing    endonuclease I-Bmol. Nucleic Acids Res 38, 2411-2427 (2010).-   24. Gagnon, J. A. et al. Efficient mutagenesis by Cas9    protein-mediated oligonucleotide insertion and large-scale    assessment of single-guide RNAs. PLoS One 9, e98186 (2014).

Sequences SEQ ID NO: 271 - JDS246: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-NLS-3xFLAGHuman codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, NLS doubleunderlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold:ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGATGAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAATCTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGGAGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAAGTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGGCACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTCAGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATGATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTGTTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGATGCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAGTCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGACAATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCAATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATCAAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAGAAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGTCAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTAAAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATCCACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGTGAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCTCGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCATGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCAACTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAAGTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTATGTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTATTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTCGATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTAAAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTGACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGAAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGACGATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGACGATTGTCGCGGAAACTTATCAACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAATAGGAACTTTATGCAGCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTTTCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGCATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATTGTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAGAGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAATTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTGGACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCAATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAAGTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTCGATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAGCTCGTGGAAACCCGCCAAATCACAAAGCATGTTGCACAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATACGACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTCAGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTTAATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGATTACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAATACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGCAAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCGACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGGTTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGACCCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCGATAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAGAAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCTTTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATTAAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAGCTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTACGAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTATCTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGACAAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCATTTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAACGATACACTTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAAACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGACTACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGASEQ ID NO: 272 - VP12: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-HF1(N497A, R661A, Q695A,Q926A)-NLS-3xFLAGHuman codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modifiedcodons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold:ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGATGAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAATCTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGGAGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAAGTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGGCACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTCAGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATGATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTGTTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGATGCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAGTCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGACAATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCAATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATCAAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAGAAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGTCAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTAAAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATCCACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGTGAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCTCGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCCTGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCgccTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAAGTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTATGTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTATTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTCGATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTAAAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTGACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGPAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGACGATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGAgccTTGTCGCGGAAACTTATCAACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAATAGGAACTTTATGgccCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTTTCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGCATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATTGTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAGAGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAATTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTGGACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCAATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAAGTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTCGATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAGCTCGTGGAAACCCGCgccATCACAAAGCATGTTGCGCAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATACGACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTCAGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTTAATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGATTACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAATACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGCAAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCGACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGGTTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGACCCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCGATAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAGAAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCTTTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATTAAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAGCTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTACGAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTATCTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGACAAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCATTTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAACGATACACTTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAAACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGACTACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGASEQ ID NO: 273 - MSP2135: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-HF2(N497A, R661A, Q695A,Q926A, D1135E)-NLS-3xFLAGHuman codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modifiedcodons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold:ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGATGAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAATCTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGGAGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAAGTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGGCACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTCAGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATGATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTGTTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGATGCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAGTCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGACAATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCAATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATCAAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAGAAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGTCAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTAAAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATCCACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGTGAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCTCGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCCTGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCgccTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAAGTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTATGTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTATTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTCGATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTAAAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTGACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGPAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGACGATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGAgccTTGTCGCGGAAACTTATCAACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAATAGGAACTTTATGgccCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTTTCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGCATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATTGTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAGAGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAATTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTGGACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCAATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAAGTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTCGATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAGCTCGTGGAAACCCGCgccATCACAAAGCATGTTGCGCAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATACGACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTCAGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTTAATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGATTACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAATACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGCAAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCGACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGGTTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGACCCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCgagAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAGAAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCTTTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATTAAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAGCTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTACGAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTATCTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGACAAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCATTTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAACGATACACTTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAAACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGACTACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGASEQ ID NO: 274 - MSP2133: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-HF4(Y450A, N497A, R661A,Q695A, Q926A)-NLS-3xFLAGHuman codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modifiedcodons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold:ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGATGAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAATCTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGGAGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAAGTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGGCACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTCAGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATGATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTGTTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGATGCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAGTCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGACAATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCAATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATCAAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAGAAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGTCAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTAAAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATCCACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGTGAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTgccTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCTCGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCCTGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCgccTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAAGTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTATGTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTATTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTCGATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTAAAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTGACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGAAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGACGATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGAgccTTGTCGCGGAAACTTATCAACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAATAGGAACTTTATGgccCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTTTCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGCATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATTGTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAGAGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAATTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTGGACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCAATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAAGTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTCGATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAGCTCGTGGAAACCCGCgccATCACAAAGCATGTTGCGCAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATACGACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTCAGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTTAATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGATTACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAATACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGCAAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCGACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGGTTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGACCCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCGATAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAGAAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCTTTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATTAAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAGCTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTACGAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTATCTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGACAAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCATTTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAACGATACACTTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAAACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGACTACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGASEQ ID NO: 275 - MSP469: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VQR(D1135V, R1335Q,T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAGHuman codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modifiedcodons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold:ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGATGAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAATCTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGGAGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAAGTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGGCACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTCAGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATGATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTGTTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGATGCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAGTCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGACAATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCAATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATCAAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAGAAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGTCAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTAAAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATCCACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGTGAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCTCGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCATGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCAACTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAAGTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTATGTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTATTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTCGATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTAAAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTGACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGPAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGACGATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGACGATTGTCGCGGAAACTTATCAACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAATAGGAACTTTATGCAGCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTTTCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGCATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATTGTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAGAGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAATTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTGGACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCAATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAAGTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTCGATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAGCTCGTGGAAACCCGCCAAATCACAAAGCATGTTGCACAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATACGACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTCAGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTTAATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGATTACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAATACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGCAAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCGACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGGTTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGACCCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCgtgAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAGAAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCTTTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATTAAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAGCTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTACGAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTATCTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGACAAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCATTTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAAcagTACagaTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAAACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGACTACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGASEQ ID NO: 276 - MSP2440: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VQR-HF1(N497A, R661A,Q695A, Q926A, D1135V, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAGHuman codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modifiedcodons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold:ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGATGAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAATCTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGGAGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAAGTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGGCACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTCAGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATGATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTGTTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGATGCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAGTCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGACAATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCAATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATCAAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAGAAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGTCAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTAAAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATCCACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGTGAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCTCGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCCTGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCgccTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAAGTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTATGTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTATTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTCGATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTAAAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTGACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGAAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGACGATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGAgccTTGTCGCGGAAACTTATCAACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAATAGGAACTTTATGgccCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTTTCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGCATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATTGTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAGAGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAATTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTGGACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCAATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAAGTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTCGATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAGCTCGTGGAAACCCGCgccATCACAAAGCATGTTGCGCAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATACGACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTCAGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTTAATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGATTACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAATACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGCAAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCGACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGGTTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGACCCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCgtgAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAGAAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCTTTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATTAAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAGCTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTACGAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTATCTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGACAAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCATTTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAAcagTACagaTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAAACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGACTACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGASEQ ID NO: 277 - BPK2797: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VRQR(D1135V, G1218R,R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAGHuman codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modifiedcodons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold:ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGATGAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAATCTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGGAGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAAGTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGGCACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTCAGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATGATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTGTTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGATGCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAGTCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGACAATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCAATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATCAAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAGAAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGTCAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTAAAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATCCACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGTGAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCTCGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCATGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCAACTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAAGTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTATGTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTATTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTCGATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTAAAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTGACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGAAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGACGATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGACGATTGTCGCGGAAACTTATCAACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAATAGGAACTTTATGCAGCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTTTCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGCATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATTGTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAGAGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAATTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTGGACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCAATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAAGTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTCGATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAGCTCGTGGAAACCCGCCAAATCACAAAGCATGTTGCACAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATACGACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTCAGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTTAATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGATTACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAATACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGCAAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCGACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGGTTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGACCCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCgtgAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAGAAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCTTTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATTAAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCagaGAGCTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTACGAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTATCTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGACAAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCATTTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAAcagTACagaTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAAACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGACTACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGASEQ ID NO: 278 - MSP2443: CMV-T7-humanSpCas9-VRQR-HF1(N497A, R661A,Q695A, Q926A, D1135V, G1218R, R1335Q, T1337R)-NLS-3xFLAGHuman codon optimized S. pyogenes Cas9 in normal font, modifiedcodons in lower case, NLS double underlined, 3xFLAG tag in bold:ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGGCTGTCATAACCGATGAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAATCTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGGAGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCCAAAGTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAAACATGAACGGCACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTCAGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATGATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGACAAACTGTTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGATGCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAGTCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTCGACAATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCAATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACTGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATCAAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAGAAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGTCAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTAAAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATCCACTTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGTGAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCTCGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTACTCCCTGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCgccTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAAGTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTATGTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTATTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTCGATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTAAAGATAATTAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTGACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGPAAGACTAAAAACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGACGATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGAgccTTGTCGCGGAAACTTATCAACGGGATAAGAGACAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAATAGGAACTTTATGgccCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAGGCACAGGTTTCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGCATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATTGTAATCGAGATGGCACGCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAGAGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCTGTGGAAAATACCCAATTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTGGACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCAATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAGGAAGTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTCGATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAGCTCGTGGAAACCCGCgccATCACAAAGCATGTTGCGCAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATACGACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGTCGGACTTCAGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTTAATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGATTACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAATACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGATACGCAAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCGACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGGTTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGACCCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCgtgAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAGAAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCTTTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATTAAACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCagaGAGCTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTACGAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTATCTCGACGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGACAAAGTATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCATTTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAAcagTACagaTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAAACTCGGATAGATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGACTACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTGA

TGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTTTAAAGGAACCAATTCAGTCGACTGGATCCGGTACCAAGGTCGGGCAGGAAGAGGGCCTATTTCCCATGATTCCTTCATATTTGCATATACGATACAAGGCTGTTAGAGAGATAATTAGAATTAATTTGACTGTAAACACAAAGATATTAGTACAAAATACGTGACGTAGAAAGTAATAATTTCTTGGGTAGTTTGCAGTTTTAAAATTATGTTTTAAAATGGACTATCATATGCTTACCGTAACTTGAAAGTATTTC

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described inconjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoingdescription is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of theinvention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Otheraspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of thefollowing claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9):singleguide RNA (sgRNA) complex comprising a SpCas9 protein with mutations atone or both of Q695 and Q926 in SEQ ID NO: 1, and a sgRNA.
 2. TheSpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 1, wherein the SpCas9 protein is fused toone or more of a nuclear localization sequence, cell penetrating peptidesequence, and/or affinity tag.
 3. The SpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 1,wherein the SpCas9 protein comprises all four of the followingmutations: N497A, R661A, Q695A, and Q926A.
 4. The SpCas9:sgRNA complexof claim 3, wherein the SpCas9 protein further comprises mutations atone, two, three, four, or all five of L169, Y450, N497, R661, and D1135.5. The SpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 1, wherein the SpCas9 proteincomprises mutations at one or both of Q695 and Q926, and optionally one,two, three, four, or all five of L169, Y450, N497, R661, and D1135. 6.The SpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 1, wherein the SpCas9 protein furthercomprises one or more of the following mutations: D1135E; D1135V;D1135V/R1335Q/T1337R (VQR variant): D1135E/R1335Q/T1337R (EQR variant);D1135V/G1218R/R1335Q/T1337R (VRQR variant); orD1135V/G1218R/R1335E/T1337R (VRER variant).
 7. The SpCas9:sgRNA complexof claim 1, wherein the SpCas9 protein further comprises one or moremutations that decrease nuclease activity selected from the groupconsisting of mutations at D10, E762, D839, H983, or D986; and at H840or N863.
 8. The SpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 7, wherein the mutationsthat decrease nuclease activity are: (i) D10A or D10N, and (ii) H840A,H840N, or H840Y.
 9. The SpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 1, wherein theSpCas9 protein is fused to a heterologous functional domain, with anoptional intervening linker, wherein the linker does not interfere withactivity of the fusion protein.
 10. The SpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 9,wherein the heterologous functional domain is a transcriptionalactivation domain.
 11. The SpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 10, wherein thetranscriptional activation domain is from VP64 or NF-κB p65.
 12. TheSpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 9, wherein the heterologous functionaldomain is a transcriptional silencer or transcriptional repressiondomain.
 13. The SpCas9: sgRNA complex of claim 12, wherein thetranscriptional repression domain is a Krueppel-associated box (KRAB)domain, ERF repressor domain (ERD), or mSin3A interaction domain (SID).14. The SpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 12, wherein the transcriptionalsilencer is Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1).
 15. The SpCas9:sgRNAcomplex of claim 9, wherein the heterologous functional domain is anenzyme that modifies the methylation state of DNA.
 16. The SpCas9:sgRNAcomplex of claim 15, wherein the enzyme that modifies the methylationstate of DNA is a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or a TET protein.
 17. TheSpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 16, wherein the TET protein is TET1. 18.The SpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 9, wherein the heterologous functionaldomain is an enzyme that modifies a histone subunit.
 19. TheSpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 18, wherein the enzyme that modifies ahistone subunit is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT), histonedeacetylase (HDAC), histone methyltransferase (HMT), or histonedemethylase.
 20. The SpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 9, wherein theheterologous functional domain is a biological tether.
 21. TheSpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 20, wherein the biological tether is MS2,Csy4 or lambda N protein.
 22. The SpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 9,wherein the heterologous functional domain is FokI.
 23. A vectorencoding the SpCas9 protein and the sgRNA of claim
 1. 24. A host cellcomprising the nucleic acid of claim
 23. 25. A method of altering thegenome of a cell, the method comprising expressing in the cell orcontacting the cell with the SpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 1, whereinthe sgRNA has a region complementary to a selected portion of the genomeof the cell, whereby the genome of the cell is altered.
 26. The methodof claim 25, wherein the SpCas9 protein comprises one or more of anuclear localization sequence, cell penetrating peptide sequence, and/oraffinity tag.
 27. A method of altering a double stranded DNA (dsDNA)molecule, the method comprising contacting the dsDNA molecule with theSpCas9:sgRNA complex of claim 1, wherein the sgRNA has a regioncomplementary to a selected portion of the dsDNA molecule, whereby thedsDNA molecule is altered.